量子场论的还原性问题

描述粒子物理学的核心语言是可重整化的量子场论。重整化最初是应对量子场论中数学计算无穷大问题的有效策略,是解决理论物理学中“突现”问题的有力手段。本文从重整化操作在量子场论中产生的影响出发,回顾了有效场论思想产生的历史,叙述了重整化方法所引起的哲学争论,旨在对还原论和反还原论在解释量子场论中涉及的“还原”、“突现”、“层次性”等问题予以方法论考察,最后从语境的视角对重整化方法进行诠释,指出对基础理论及理论间关系的探讨是具有境遇性的。     

模态算子与全称量词──蒙太古构造的一个模态逻辑公理系统

本文介绍和评估了美国逻辑学家蒙大古构造的一个模态逻辑语言S。S是一阶语言加上符号N所构成。N可分别看作为逻辑必然、物理必然、伦理必须和全称量词。蒙太古最早作出这种在一综合框架下处理模态算子与全称量词的系统。对模态算子与量词的混用所造成的困难提供了一个解决方法。在蒙太古的模态语言S中，模态算子与量词的联合使用并不会造成美国逻辑学家蒯因所指出的那种困难。     

表征还是建构? 量子场论的一种解释

在本文中,我坚持认为,量子场论所描述的具有因果关系的实体层次中那些基本的实体不是粒子而是场。然后,我从结构实在论的角度进一步讨论了在何种意义上并在何种程度上,有关场的这种理论建构可以被看作物理实在的客观表征。     

微观领域中的因果性和关联

本文从量子力学的基本原理出发，立足于对全同粒子系统和ＥＰＲ关联的分析，研讨了微观领域中的因果性和关联的新形式，指出在量子力学中，具有直接因果规律可循的只是作为概率幅的态函数，对物理量的单次测量所得到的观察值是没有因果关系可以追寻的，全同粒子之间的关联是一种纯粹的统计性关联；如果将这种统计关联误认为等同于因果关系，则在理解诸如费米子、玻色子及ＥＰＲ关联的新特征时，会得出不恰当的判断和悖谬。     

量子纠缠现象的历史性哲学启示——兼及因果描述的理论模型性质

量子纠缠现象对传统哲学观念的更深层次搅动,不仅涉及定域性与非定域性甚至因果性等基本概念的理解,而且深化了我们对概念规定本身性质的认识;不仅揭示了本体论思维方式的性质,而且揭示了本体论描述方式的意义和局限。量子纠缠的哲学意蕴是划时代的,它意味着本体论是整体性把握对象性关系的理论模型。其最终目的不是抽象普遍性终极追寻,而是为具体事物的认识提供不断合理化的整体观照。量子纠缠所涉因果性问题与因果描述模型密切相关。量子纠缠所表明的非定域性并不是量子领域本身的特性奇异,而是源于哲学理论的传统定位。     

从描述的观点看量子奥秘

量子叠加态是主体对微观现象多种可能状态的描述;"薛定谔猫"的尴尬是主体描述结果不适当客观化带来的尴尬.在微观观测中,现察者只是对作为描述结果的量子态的确定.量子态是对象存在的各种可能状态的几率描述,而非定域性则是在这种几率描述中所涉及的多种可能存在状态在观察确定时刻的描述性关联.量子态的叠加是各种不确定性状态或多种可能状态在描述中的共存.波函数坍缩则是由于观察使本来不确定的概率小于1的多种可能状态的描述变成确定的概率为1的描述.     

论量子测量解释中的实在观

本文通过对不同量子测量解释的共同基本特征的考察,系统地阐述了量子测量解释中隐含的实在观的三个基本信条,(1)在本体论意义上,承认世界的独立存在性;(2)可以对物理过程进行统计因果性的说明;(3)物理世界具有非分离性或整体性.提出了以这种整体性实在观为前提,对量子力学的实在论解释要求重新审查传统真理观的观点.     

模态算子与全称量词－－蒙太古构造的一个模态逻辑公理系统

本介绍和评估了美国逻辑学家蒙太古构造的一个模态逻辑语言S。S是一阶语言加上符号N所构成。N可分别看作为逻辑必然、物理必然、伦理必须和全称量词。蒙太古最早作出这种在一综合框架下处理模态算子与全称量词的系统。对模态算子与量词的混用所造成的困难提供了一个解决方法。在蒙太古的模态语言S中，模态算子与量词的联合使用并不会造成美国逻辑学家蒯因所指出的那种困难。     

Schwinger and the Ontology of Quantum Field Theory

An epistemological interpretation of quantum mechanics hinges on the claim that the distinctive features of quantum mechanics can be derived from some distinctive features of an observational basis. Old and new variations of this theme are listed. The program has a limited success in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. The crucial issue is how far it can be extended to quantum field theory without introducing significant ontological postulates. A C*-formulation covers algebraic quantum field theory, but not the standard model. Julian Schwinger’s anabatic methodology extended a strict measurement-based formulation of quantum mechanics through field theory. His extension also excluded the quark hypothesis and the standard model. Quarks and local gauge invariance are postulates that go beyond the limits of an epistemological interpretation of quantum mechanics. The ontological significance ascribed to these advances depends on the role accorded ontology.

范·弗拉森关于量子测量的模态解释

范·弗拉森的量子测量的模态解释不仅是他的量子力学哲学理论的核心,也是他的一般科学哲学理论--建构经验论--的主要科学思想基础.本文主要从量子测量的解释问题,测量的模态解释的主要思想内容和模态解释的意义等几个层次较深入浅出地介绍范·弗拉森的量子测量解释理论,并概括地说明它与范·弗拉森的整个量子力学哲学及与他的建构经验论的关系.     

"器官投影说"的现代解说

技术哲学创始人恩斯特·卡普于1877年出版的<技术哲学纲要>一书,提出了"器官投影说",即人类在制造工具和其他物体时通常使它们与人体有结构上和(或)功能上的相似性.卡普运用"器官投影说"解释了当时已知的各种技术现象.在技术迅猛发展的今天,结合现代高新技术对"器官投影说"进行哲学反思,仍有重要意义.     

Anthropomorphic Quantum Darwinism as an Explanation for Classicality

According to Zurek, the emergence of a classical world from a quantum substrate could result from a long selection process that privileges the classical bases according to a principle of optimal information. We investigate the consequences of this principle in a simple case, when the system and the environment are two interacting scalar particles supposedly in a pure state. We show that then the classical regime corresponds to a situation for which the entanglement between the particles (the system and the environment) disappears. We describe in which circumstances this factorisability condition is fulfilled, in the case that the particles interact via position-dependent potentials, and also describe in appendix the tools necessary for understanding our results (entanglement, Bell inequalities and so on).     

模态解释:量子力学的新图景

“测量难题”是量子力学中的核心困惑之一。本文所介绍分析的量子力学的模态解释，从一个全新的角度对量子力学做出了解释，它不仅是对“测量难题”认识的最新发展，也是对物理学哲学最新发展主题的深刻剖析。     

谢瓦莱在类域论方面的贡献

回顾了类域论的早期发展,尤其是希尔伯特的研究;以谢瓦莱引入的伊代尔概念为核心,深刻挖掘伊代尔概念的重要性,重新评价了谢瓦莱类域论工作的历史价值。指出正是借助伊代尔的概念,谢瓦莱摒弃了解析工具,完成了类域论的算术化过程,也建立了伊代尔叙述的整体类域论,更重要的是,将拓扑、泛函与类域论结合起来,促进了类域论的发展。这些研究对我们更全面、深刻的认识谢瓦莱的工作有借鉴意义。     

Quantum Theory and the Nature of Consciousness

Our interest focusses on the idea, that consciousness is a powerful acting entity. Up to now there does not exist a scientific concept for this idea. This is not due to problems within the field of psychology or brain research, but rather in resisting theories of modern physics. That is, why we have to search for a solution in the field of physics. A solution can be found in a new understanding of the basics of physical theory. That could be given by abstract and absolute quantum bits of information (AQI bits). To avoid the popular misunderstanding of “information” as “meaningful” it was necessary to find a new word for the free-of-meaning AQI bits: the AQI bits establish a quantum pre-structure termed “Protyposis” (Greek: “pre-formation”), out of which real objects can be formed, starting from energetical and material elementary particles. The Protyposis AQI bits provide a pre-structure for all entities in natural sciences. They are the basic entities, whereof the physical nature of the brain, on the one hand, and the mental nature of consciousness, on the other hand, were formed during the cosmological and the following biological evolution. A deeper understanding of quantum structures may help to overcome the resistance against quantum theory in the field of brain research and consciousness. The key for an understanding is the concept of Protyposis, which means an abstract quantum information free of any definite meaning. With the AQI bits of the Protyposis, both, massless and massive quantum particles can be constructed. Even quantum information with special meanings, in example grammatically formulated thoughts, eventually could be explained. As long as the fundamental basis of quantum theory is misunderstood as being formed by a manifold of some small objects like atoms, quarks, or strings, the problem of understanding consciousness has no solution. If instead we understand quantum theory as based on truly simple quantum structures, there would be no longer fundamental problems for an understanding of consciousness.     

论人文社会科学的理论阐释模型

以马克思主义科学发展观为指导,站在当代社会人类文明发展的高度,提出建构人文社会科学的理论阐释模型的必要性和可能性,并提出五个基本模型:从抽象到具体的模型;形式逻辑的概念关系模型;分析综合模型;系统的模型;哲学辩证关系模型.     

Variations in Variation and Selection: The Ubiquity of the Variation-and-Selective-Retention Ratchet in Emergent Organizational Complexity, Part II: Quantum Field Theory

If the general arguments concerning theinvolvement of variation and selection inexplanations of ``fit'' are valid, then variationand selection explanations should beappropriate, or at least potentiallyappropriate, outside the paradigm historisticdomains of biology and knowledge. In thisdiscussion, I wish to indicate some potentialroles for variation and selection infoundational physics – specifically inquantum field theory. I will not be attemptingany full coherent ontology for quantum fieldtheory – none currently exists, and none islikely for at least the short term future. Instead, I wish to engage in some partiallyspeculative interpretations of some interestingresults in this area with the aim ofdemonstrating that variation and selectionnotions might play a role even here. Ifvariation and selection can survive in even asinhospitable and non-paradigmatic a terrain asfoundational physics, then it can surviveanywhere.