Arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris Vittata L. and its arsenic accumulation

An arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. (Chinese brake) was first discovered in China by means of field survey and greenhouse cultivation. Field survey showed that Chinese brake had large accumulating capacity to arsenic; the orders of arsenic content in different parts of the fern were as follows: leaves>leafstalks>roots, which is totally different from that of ordinary plants; bioaccumulation coefficients of the above ground parts of the fern decreased as a power function of soil arsenic contents. In the control of pot trials with normal unpolluted soil containing 9 mg/kg of arsenic, the bioaccumulation coefficients of the above ground parts and rhizoids of Chinese brake were as high as 71 and 80 respectively. Greenhouse cultivation in the contaminated soil from mining areas has shown that more than 1 times greater arsenic can be accumulated in the leaves of the fern than that of field samples with the largest content of 5070 mg/kg As on a dry matter basis. During greenhouse cultivation, arsenic content in the leaves of the fern increased linearly with time prolonging. Not only has Chinese brake extraordinary tolerance and accumulation to arsenic, but it grew rapidly with great biomass, wide distribution and easy adaptation to different environmental conditions as well. Therefore, it has great potential in future remediation of arsenic contamination. It also demonstrates important value for studies of arsenic physiology and biochemistry such as arsenic absorption, translocation and detoxification mechanisms in plants.     

Effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and its implication

Pot experiment was conducted to understand the effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.). It is shown that arsenic concentrations in the fronds and rhizoids, the arsenic bioaccumulation factor, and the total arsenic in the fronds were not influenced significantly under low levels of phosphorus (≤400 mg/kg) and increased sharply under high levels of phosphorus (>400 mg/ kg). The discovery implies that the efficiency of arsenic removal in phytoremediation using the hyperaccumulating plant can be greatly elevated by the phosphorus addition at high rates. The interaction between the accumulation of phosphorus and that of arsenic in plant was stimulated mutually. The result represents that Chinese brake is a good material for plant physiologist to conduct comparative and mechanism studies on the uptake behaviors of phosphorus and arsenic, and phosphorus is also a potential accelerator for phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.     

Effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and its implication

Pot experiment was conducted to understand the effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.). It is shown that arsenic concentrations in the fronds and rhizoids, the arsenic bioaccumulation factor, and the total arsenic in the fronds were not influenced significantly under low levels of phosphorus (≤400 mg/kg) and increased sharply under high levels of phosphorus (＞400 mg/ kg). The discovery implies that the efficiency of arsenic removal in phytoremediation using the hyperaccumulating plant can be greatly elevated by the phosphorus addition at high rates. The interaction between the accumulation of phosphorus and that of arsenic in plant was stimulated mutually. The result represents that Chinese brake is a good material for plant physiologist to conduct comparative and mechanism studies on the uptake behaviors of phosphorus and arsenic, and phosphorus is also a potential accelerator for phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.     

不同生态型蜈蚣草对砷富集的差异及其机理

 土壤砷污染是全球尤其是东南亚和中国非常突出且亟需解决的环境问题。自砷超富集植物--蜈蚣草（Pteris vittata L.）发现以来,一直是国内外学者研究的一个热点。深入理解蜈蚣草体内砷代谢和富集机制是有效利用植物修复技术治理砷污染土壤的关键。在长期的自然进化过程中,蜈蚣草逐渐分化出不同生态型。已有研究结果显示：不同生态型蜈蚣草在砷富集和砷耐性等方面均存在明显差异。本文在系统分析蜈蚣草砷富集特征、机理的基础上,重点阐述了生态型差异对蜈蚣草砷富集的影响方面的最新研究进展。研究结果显示：非污染生态型与污染生态型蜈蚣草相比砷富集能力更为高效,说明通过选择性的利用合适的蜈蚣草生态型将明显改善植物修复的效率。不同生态型蜈蚣草砷富集与砷耐性差异的分子机理尚不清楚,相关关键功能基因及其过程尚需深入研究。     

土壤加砷对魔芋砷的含量、吸收与分布的影响

为了认识土壤砷污染与植物砷含量的关系,进行土壤加砷盆栽魔芋试验.结果表明,本实验条件下,魔芋球茎和茎叶的砷含量范围分别为2.12～14.98和1.23～21.23μg g-1,均与土壤加砷量呈极显著的线性相关.在对照下,球茎砷含量高于茎叶,在土壤加砷下,茎叶的砷含量高于球茎.魔芋的富砷量与土壤加砷量呈极显著的线性相关,在低土壤砷水平下,魔芋球茎富砷量大于茎叶,高土壤砷水平下,魔芋茎叶的富砷量大于球茎.同对照相比,土壤加砷降低了魔芋球茎富砷量所占比例,增加了魔芋茎叶富砷量所占比例,低土壤砷水平下,球茎富砷量所占比例高于茎叶,高土壤砷水平下,茎叶富砷量所占比例高于球茎.魔芋对土壤加砷的利用量与土壤加砷量呈极显著的线性相关,魔芋对土壤加砷的利用率只有0.25‰～0.84‰.魔芋球茎和茎叶对砷的富集系数分别为0.03～0.13和0.07～0.13,同对照相比,土壤加砷降低了球茎的富集系数,增加了茎叶的富集系数,在对照下,球茎的富集系数高于茎叶,在土壤加砷下,茎叶富集系数高于球茎.总之,土壤加砷不仅显著增加了魔芋球茎和茎叶的砷含量,也改变砷在魔芋体内的分布格局,魔芋是吸收利用土壤砷能力弱的植物,魔芋通过将所吸收的砷转移到地上部分以适应砷污染土壤环境.     

Cellular distribution of arsenic and other elements in hyperaccumulator<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pteris nervosa</Emphasis> and their relations to arsenic accumulation

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SRXRF) was used to study the cellular distributions of arsenic and other elements in root, petiole, pinna of a newly discovered arsenic hyperaccumulator, Pteris nervosa. It was shown that there was a trend in P nervosa to transport arsenic from cortex tissue to vascular tissue in root, and keep arsenic in vascular during transportation in petiole, and transport arsenic from vascular tissue to adaxial cortex tissues in midrib of pinnae. More arsenic was accumulated in mesophyll than in epidermis in pinnae. The distributions of some elements, such as K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, in petiole, midrib and pinna were similar to that of arsenic, indicating that those cations might cooperate with arsenic in those transportation processes; whereas the distributions of CI and Br in pinna were the reverse of that of arsenic, indicating that those anions might compete with arsenic in pinna of P. nervosa.     

Subcellular distribution and compartmentalization of arsenic in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pteris vittata</Emphasis> L.

The subcellular distribution of arsenic （As） in Pteris vittata L., an As-hyperaccumniator, was studied to determine As compartmentalization and to explore the mechanisms that confer As tolerance. When the plant was grown in a nutrient solution without additional As, most of the accumulated As was isolated to the cell wall. However, in plants growing in a nutrient solution containing 0.1 or 0.2 mmol/L As, approximately 78% of the total As accumulated within the pinna. The proportions of As accumulation in the cyto- plasmic supernatant fraction were 78 % of that in the pinna and 61% of that in the plant. In either treatment group （0.1 or 0.2 mmol/L As）, the fraction containing the lowest level of As was the organelle fraction. These results suggest that As accumulates in the pinna where it is primarily distributed in the cytoplasmic supernatant fraction. The role of As compartmentalization may be intricately linked with As detoxification in P. vittata L.     

土壤中砷污染的危害和防治对策研究

文章简要论述了土壤中砷及其化合物污染对生物和人类的危害，提出了防治土壤砷污染危害的有效对策。     

土壤砷污染对大豆砷含量与分布的影响

通过土壤加砷盆栽大豆实验,利用氢化物发生-分光光度法测定大豆和土壤的砷含量,以研究土壤砷污染对大豆砷含量及其分布的影响.结果表明,大豆根、茎和籽粒砷含量均与土壤加砷水平呈极显著的线性相关,并呈根〉茎〉籽粒的规律.大豆收获后,土壤砷含量与土壤加砷水平呈极显著的线性相关,土壤砷的残留率在82%以上,与土壤加砷水平呈极显著的对数相关.大豆根、茎和籽粒的富砷量均与土壤加砷呈极显著的二次函数相关关系,大豆茎的富砷量是根富砷量的3.4~8.1倍,是籽粒富砷量的2.8~4.6倍.大豆吸收的砷有82%以上存在于地上部分,但大豆对土壤加砷的利用率只在万分之几.大豆富砷量和大豆对土壤砷的利用率均以茎最高,而富集系数则为根〉茎〉籽粒.总之,大豆砷含量受土壤砷水平决定,籽粒含砷量最低有利于砷污染土壤的利用,土壤砷污染具有长效性.     

含铁吸附、絮凝剂在水资源砷污染治理中的应用进展

针对当前日益严重的内陆水资源砷污染问题,介绍了砷污染的来源、现状、特点及各种除砷方法的优缺点,然后主要以铁盐絮凝法对阳宗海砷污染的治理工程和土壤固砷法对大屯海砷污染的治理工程为例,介绍不同类型的含铁吸附、絮凝剂在天然水、地下水、饮用水及工业污水等领域的除砷净水工艺条件及其应用前景,并指出三氯化铁絮凝剂处理法是适合水资源砷污染治理行之有效的工程除砷方法.     

土壤加砷对大豆叶绿素、脯氨酸和过氧化氢酶活性的影响

为了认识土壤砷污染对大豆生理指标的影响,设置土壤加砷0、5、10、30、50和100mg kg-1共6个水平的盆栽大豆试验,测定大豆生长期间叶片的叶绿素、脯氨酸含量和过氧化氢酶活性等生理指标.结果表明,土壤砷污染影响大豆的叶绿素、脯氨酸、过氧化氢酶等生理指标.土壤加砷对大豆叶绿素的影响随生长期而不同,在结荚期,土壤加砷对叶绿素含量的影响不显著,但是高砷水平降低了叶绿素a与b的比值;在鼓粒期,高砷水平增加了大豆的叶绿素含量,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素总量的最大增加率分别达119.8%、111.0%、105.6%和117.2%.在大豆结荚期,土壤加砷30～100mg kg-1使大豆脯氨酸的含量降低了23.4%～31.4%,而所有加砷处理的过氧化氢酶活性都显著低于对照,土壤加砷使大豆过氧化氢酶活性降低了10.7%～46.6%.总之,土壤砷污染会通过影响叶绿素的构成和含量改变大豆光合作用、降低大豆抗逆性和破坏大豆抗氧化系统来妨碍大豆的生长.     

甲基异丁酮萃取—火焰原子吸收光度法测定砷

研究了酸度、钼酸铵用量、乙酸丁酯和甲基异丁酮萃取时间、乙酸丁酯萃取次数以及酸洗用酸量与洗涤时间等对分离、萃取和测定砷的影响,提出在硝酸介质和钼酸铵存在下,用乙酸丁酯萃取硅和磷后,再用甲基异丁酮萃取砷,萃取砷的有机相用火焰原子吸收光度法测定。在1.5 mol/LHNO3介质中,钼酸铵(50 g/L)、乙酸丁酯和甲基异丁酮的用量分别为10 mL,乙酸丁酯和甲基异丁酮的萃取时间分别为1 min,乙酸丁酯萃取为2次,硅、磷和砷能分别被乙酸丁酯和甲基异丁酮完全萃取。硝酸(1+10)洗涤甲基异丁酮萃砷液,用量为10 mL、洗涤时间为30 s对砷的测定无明显影响。     

洛克沙胂污染胁迫下蚯蚓体内砷的富集和释放

为了解使用蚯蚓来评价和控制洛克沙胂环境污染的可能性,研究了洛克沙胂进入土壤环境后,引起蚯蚓体内砷的富集过程,以及富集的砷在无洛克沙胂污染土壤中的释放过程.结果表明:洛克沙胂能引起蚯蚓体内砷的富集,富集因子的对数与土壤砷质量分数的对数呈线性关系;蚯蚓体内砷的消除符合双区一级动力学模型;蚯蚓能用作土壤中洛克沙胂污染的指示生物,而且可以用蚯蚓生物除污技术来减少或控制洛克沙胂的环境污染.     

含砷废酸制备亚砷酸铜及其在铜电解液净化中的应用

利用含砷废酸制备亚砷酸铜,并将所得亚砷酸铜应用到铜电解液的净化。研究结果表明:使用NaOH溶液调节废酸pH值为6.0时,废酸中Pb,Cu,Fe和Mg杂质的去除率达到90%以上,砷保留率为89.0%;除杂后,加入CuSO4和NaOH溶液,当pH=8,n(Cu):n(As)=2:1,反应温度为20℃,反应时间为1h时,亚砷酸铜的产率达到98.2%;所得亚砷酸铜为非晶体,其中Cu与As的物质的量比为2.15;当铜电解液中加入20g/L亚砷酸铜时,铜电解液中Sb和Bi分别从0.65g/L和0.15g/L降到0.30g/L和0.07g/L,Sb和Bi去除率分别达到53.85%和53.33%。     

超富集植物垂序商陆的锰吸收动态研究

以锰超富集植物垂序商陆为实验材料,通过温室实验模拟锰污染环境,研究垂序商陆生长在不同锰浓度生长介质的锰吸收动态.研究结果表明:垂序商陆对锰的吸收和积累模式依赖于生长介质中锰的浓度和处理时间.垂序商陆根、茎和叶的锰含量基本随着生长介质中锰浓度的升高而增加;在生长介质不同锰浓度(0.2,0.5和5.0 mmol/L)条件下,垂序商陆根、茎和叶锰含量均随着生长时间呈现波动变化,在植物处理5d时出现一个峰值,其后有所降低;垂序商陆在锰处理开始的48 h内存在一个快速的吸收过程,但是,生长介质高锰浓度(5.0mmol/L)变化幅度要大于低锰浓度(0.2和0.5 mmol/L);超富集植物垂序商陆对锰的吸收和转运受生长介质中锰浓度和植物体内锰含量状况双重控制.     

人类抗砷相关基因hARRG全长cDNA的克隆和在E.coli中表达

通过对构建的人胎脑cDNA文库进行大规模测序,发现一条人类新基因,序列与仓鼠asr2序列高度同源,达88％,命名为人类抗砷相关基因（human arsenic resistance related gene.hARRG),hARRG与抗砷基因相关序列ARS2（AF082871）几乎完全全同源,仅比它短253bp,hARRG并不是全长基因而仅是一个cDNA片段,为了获得hARRG全长cDNA,运用Northern blot电子RACE和5－SMART－RACE的方法克隆了一条2999bp 的hARRG全长cDNA,通过Unigene染色体定位于7q21.3,经过生物信息学分析发现,该cDNA有完整的读码框,编码一个788个氨基酸的蛋白,预计分子质量为89．2ku,并在大肠杆菌中获得了成功表达。     

硫酸铜脱除砷、铁的工艺研究

将农用硫酸铜经一系列脱杂处理 ,得到电镀用硫酸铜 .用氧化、中和、水解方法 ,一次性脱除农用硫酸铜中的砷、铁 ,使之达到电镀用硫酸铜的质量要求 .研究表明 :用H2 O2 作氧化剂 ,可以有效地氧化As(Ⅲ )和Fe(Ⅱ ) ,且反应速度快 ;加入适量Fe2 (SO4) 3,能确保砷以FeAsO4形式除去 ;控制溶液pH值 ,可以使过量Fe3 以Fe(OH) 3沉淀形式除去     

氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法测定水样中的砷和汞

建立了氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定汞和砷含量的分析方法,并用于水样中汞和砷含量的测定.其中汞和砷具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99.实验还表明两元素的检出限低,精密度好.通过加标回收实验考察了方法的准确性,结果表明:加标回收率为93.6%-107%,符合回收率规定要求,应用此法分析的水样中Hg和As的含量符合国家饮用水标准.     

中国癌症与土壤环境中As元素的关系

利用土壤环境中砷元素资料３２３３５个数据,癌死亡调查资料７８７０８０例,研究了胃癌、食管癌、肝癌、宫颈癌、肺癌、大肠癌、白血病、鼻咽癌、乳腺癌死亡率与人群生存区土壤环境中砷元素的关系。结果表明,肺癌、大肠癌、白血病、乳腺癌死亡率与砷元素有相关性,等级相关系数分别为－０．５７９８（Ｐ〈０．００１）,－０．５１２３（Ｐ〈０．００５）,－０．４５９６（Ｐ〈０．０１）,－０．６８２０（Ｐ〈０．０００５）。     

原子荧光光谱法同时测定重晶石中的砷和汞

采用王水浸取样品,用氢化物发生-原子荧光法同时测定重晶石中的砷和汞,并对样品的浸取方法,干扰元素及各种实验条件进行研究.建立的HG-AFS同时测定重晶中砷和汞含量的分析方法,满足进出口检验快速准确的要求.砷和汞的回收率在92.53%～120.00%之间,方法相对标准偏差(RSD)为砷0.77(n=11),汞1.02(n=11),检出限为砷0.45ng/ml,汞0.01ng/ml.