神农架大龙潭投食点川金丝猴群春季日活动情况的初步观察

通过野外跟踪观察, 采用焦点取样和瞬时记录法,对神农架大龙潭投食点川金丝猴群春季日活动情况进行研究.结果表明,在神农架投食点川金丝猴春季日活动时间的分配中,平均时间比例分别为休息占73.12%,觅食占12.65%,移动占8.96%,理毛占5.27%.同时对神农架投食点川金丝猴不同性别年龄组的日活动时间分配进行比较,结果表明不同性别年龄组的活动时间分配是有差异的.     

秦岭金丝猴的社会

正秦岭川金丝猴是"正牌金丝猴"川金丝猴分布于秦岭的种群,也是所有仰鼻猴中分布最北的一种。科学家在野外观察中惊讶地发现,秦岭川金丝猴有着复杂的社会系统。仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecus)栖息于海拔2 000～3 000米的高海拔地区,野生种群只分布于中国、越南和缅甸3国。它们的生活环境隐蔽,不易被人发现。仰鼻猴的鼻孔几乎与面部平行,俗称"朝天鼻",这是对高原缺氧环境适应     

秦岭川金丝猴一个投食群组成和结构的观察

从 2 0 0 2年 3月到 2 0 0 3年 5月 ,在秦岭北坡周至国家级自然保护区玉皇庙西梁 ,我们采用野外跟踪法和扫描动物取样法对一个川金丝猴投食群的组成和结构进行了观察 ,结果发现这个群是由 8个社会单位组成的 ,平均每个家庭有一个成年雄性、3 .75个成年雌性、1.1个亚成年雌性和 3 .75青少年猴组成 ,春季是产子季节 .金丝猴的社群结构是一雄多雌母系社会 .两年的繁殖情况比较分析 ,发现川金丝猴在野生条件下更倾向于隔年生育 .     

川金丝猴肾的组织结构观察及Bax蛋白的表达

为观察川金丝猴肾的组织结构及其相关蛋白Bax的表达,制作石蜡切片,采用H.E染色观察川金丝猴肾的组织结构特征,用免疫组织化学法检测Bax蛋白在肾组织中的表达.结果显示:川金丝猴和多数哺乳类肾的组织结构相似,外观呈蚕豆形,表面包以致密的结缔组织被膜,肾实质由外周的皮质和内部的髓质构成;肾小体数量较多,周围有很多近曲小管和远曲小管,近曲小管管腔不规则,有明显刷状缘,远曲小管则无刷状缘,集合管管腔较大,细胞界限清晰,肾小管和集合管上皮细胞都呈Bax蛋白免疫反应阳性;川金丝猴的肾主要由肾单位和集合管构成,Bax蛋白参与川金丝猴肾小管和集合管上皮细胞的凋亡,调控川金丝猴肾的发育过程.     

秦岭川金丝猴秋冬季节活动时间分配的初步研究

通过对秦岭川金丝猴活动时间分配的研究,探讨影响"家庭"活动时间分配的内在因素和环境因素.结果表明,在秦岭川金丝猴秋冬季活动时间的分配中,平均时间比例分别为:觅食占14.90±0.26%,移动占10.16±0.16%,理毛占5.68±0.63%,休息占69.26±0.24%.其时间分配从秋季到冬季有明显地变化,即休息和觅食时间增长,而理毛时间变短.对秦岭野生川金丝猴不同年龄组的日活动时间分配进行了比较,结果表明不同年龄组的活动时间分配是有差异的.     

神农架川金丝猴社会单元组成的变化

为探索川金丝猴社会单元组成变化的内在原因,于2007年6月至2008年12月采用行为取样法和野外跟踪观察法对湖北神农架大龙潭川金丝猴投食群体组成的变化进行了连续跟踪观察．在此期间共发生5次一雄多雌单元主雄替代,全雄单元的成年个体通过激烈打斗与原主雄竞争主雄地位;未繁殖雌猴主动接近全雄单元成年个体,离开原单元积极参与新单元的组建．雌性较多的单元中的青少年雌性个体存在主动离开原单元加入新单元的现象．对于活动范围和个体组成相对固定的投食群川金丝猴,来自全雄单元的成年个体对主雄地位的争夺和青少年雌性主动离开原单元的行为共同构成了新单元形成的动力．     

川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus rexellanae roxellanae)在巴东县活动的调查

金丝猴（Ｒｈｉｎｏｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓｒｏｘｅｌａｎａｅ）是中国特有、珍稀的灵长类动物,为国家Ⅰ类保护动物．我国金丝猴有三个亚种（或三个种）,活动于湖北地区的金丝猴为川金丝猴（Ｒｈｉｎｏｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓｒｅｘｅｌａｎａｅｒｏｘｅｌａｎａｅ）．川金丝猴为湖...     

投食条件下川金丝猴的昼间活动时间分配

投食对非人灵长类动物的科学研究有推动作用,但也影响了非人灵长类的日常行为活动时间分配.为探究投食对川金丝猴日常活动的影响,2017年7月～2018年5月,采用瞬时扫描取样法对神农架国家公园大龙潭基地投食川金丝猴群(Rhinopithecus roxellana)的活动时间分配进行了研究.结果表明:川金丝猴在上午10:00～12:00和下午16:00～18:00为两个取食高峰期,且在中午14:00～16:00为较长的休息期.取食、移动和休息行为构成了川金丝猴昼间活动的主体(81.99%),各类行为所占时间比例分别为:休息行为55.45%、取食行为13.34%、移动行为13.20%、理毛行为8.33%和其他行为9.68%.此外,不同性别-年龄组个体间的活动时间分配也存在显著的季节性差异.这可能是不同性别-年龄组在生长发育、繁殖投入等过程中的差异,反映了其对环境的生存适应.     

名不副实的金丝猴家族

1870年,川金丝猴被科学命名。1897年,滇金丝猴被科学命名。1903年,黔金丝猴被科学命名。1912年,越南金丝猴被科学命名。2010年,缅甸金丝猴被科学命名!以上这5位兄弟,构成了金丝猴家族。它们和我们人类一样,都属于灵长目动物。不同的是,它们被归入猴科金丝猴属(Rhinopithecus)。不过,说它们是"金丝猴",实在名不副实。严格地讲,这个家族不应该叫"金丝猴",除了川金丝猴有"金丝"以外,其他诸位的周身没有一根"金丝",甚至和金色或黄色毫无关联。     

陕西青木川自然保护区川金丝猴的昼间时间分配和活动节律

2005-2006年,在陕西省青木川自然保护区使用瞬时扫描取样法研究了野生川金丝猴的时间分配与活动节律。结果表明,取食、移动和休息构成了川金丝猴日活动的主体。川金丝猴用于移动和取食的时间占总活动时间的76.5%,其次是休息行为占14.4%,理毛行为占6.4%,玩耍行为1.3%,警戒行为1.1%。冬季和夏季,川金丝猴花费在各种行为的时间比例存在明显的差异。取食行为和交配行为没有显著差异。冬季,休息和理毛行为显著增多;而移动行为、玩耍行为和警戒行为显著减少。每天上午和下午,川金丝猴分别有一个取食高峰。夏季取食高峰分别发生在8:00-9:00与16:00-18:00;冬季取食高峰分别发生在9:00-10:00与16:00-18:00。冬季和夏季,川金丝猴昼间均有一个明显的休息高峰,夏季在13:00-14:00时间段,冬季在11:00-13:00时间段。冬季和夏季,川金丝猴群昼间均有2个明显的移动行为发生高峰,夏季在9:00-11:00和15:00-16:00时间段,冬季在8:00-9:00和15:00-16:00时间段。移动高峰期川金丝猴群在取食点之间进行长距离的群体迁移。冬季理毛行为高峰发生在11:00-12:00与17:00-18:00时间段。夏季理毛行为的高峰发生在下午14:00-15:00与16:00-18:00时间段。     

The genetic basis of family conflict resolution in mice

Asymmetries in the costs and benefits of parental investment for mothers, fathers and offspring result in family conflict over the production and provisioning of young. In species where females provide most resources before and after birth, the resolution of this conflict may be influenced by genes expressed in mothers and by maternally and paternally inherited genes expressed in offspring. Here we disentangle these effects by means of reciprocal mating and cross-fostering of litters between two strains of mice that differ with respect to the typical resolution of family conflict. We find that differences in litter size between these two strains are determined by paternal genotype, whereas differences in provisioning are under maternal control, showing that there is antagonistic coadaptation of maternal and paternal effects on distinct life-history traits. Maternal provisioning is also influenced by the type of foster offspring. Contradictory to theoretical expectations, however, we find no evidence for a negative correlation across strains between maternal provisioning and offspring demand. Instead, we show that there is positive coadaptation such that offspring obtain more resources from foster mothers of the same strain as their natural mother, irrespective of their father's strain.     

Exploring serverless computing for stream analytic

This work proposes ARS(FaaS) serverless framework scheduling and provisioning resources for streaming applications autonomously, which ensures real-time response on unpredictable and fluctuating streaming data. A HPC cloud platform is used as a de facto platform, on which serverless computing for stream analytic is explored. This work enables application developers to build and run steaming applications without worrying about servers, which means that the developers are able to focus on application features instead of scheduling and provisioning resources of the infrastructure. The serverless computing framework, ARS(FaaS), provides function-as-a-service to make the developers write code in discrete event-driven functions. ARS(FaaS) is capable of running and scaling the developer's code automatically, according to the throughput of streaming events. The major contribution of this serverless framework is effective and efficient autonomous resource scheduling for real-time streaming analytic, which enables the developers to build applications faster with autonomous resource scheduling. ARS(FaaS) framework is appropriate for real-time and stream analytic on event-driven data with spiky and variable compute requirements.     

IEEE 802.16e协议调度服务性能模拟研究

为了评估IEEE 802.16e协议的QoS性能,分析了IEEE 802.16e协议保证QoS的方法及MAC层所定义的5种调度服务,通过NS-2模拟实现了对五种调度服务的模拟。然后对模拟结果进行了量化分析和讨论。研究结果对改进IEEE 802.16e协议的QoS支持具有一定的意义。     

Learned kin recognition cues in a social bird

In many cooperatively breeding birds, kin selection has an important role in the evolution and maintenance of social behaviour, and 'helpers' can maximize indirect fitness gains by preferentially allocating care to close relatives. Although there is evidence for kin-biased helping behaviour in several species, the mechanism of kin recognition underlying this behaviour is poorly understood. Vocalizations are the most commonly used cues in avian recognition systems, but the effectiveness of vocal signals as reliable recognition cues must depend on how they are acquired. However, there have been no experimental studies of the development of vocal recognition cues in cooperative birds; indeed, the ontogeny of all bird vocalizations other than song is poorly known in any species. Here, we show that cooperatively breeding long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus) can discriminate between kin and non-kin according to the individual-specific characteristics of contact calls, and show experimentally that individuals learn these calls from provisioning adults during the nestling period. Finally, we show that the pattern of cooperative behaviour in this species is consistent with the use of recognition cues learned through association.     

Molecular evolution of stress-response gene Leptin in high-altitude Chinese snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus genus)

Chinese snub-nosed monkeys (genus Rhinopithecus, subfamily Colobinae), including R. bieti, R. brelichi and R. roxellana, are well-known as the non-human primates with the highest known altitudinal distribution. They represent an interesting model organism of adaptation to the extreme environmental stresses. However, no study at the molecular level has yet been reported for the high-altitude adaptation in Chinese snub-nosed monkeys. Leptin, as an adipocyte-derived hormone, is believed to play an important role in energy homeostasis in adaptation to high altitude environments. In the present study, we sequenced and compared leptin sequences of the Chinese snub-nosed monkeys (R. bieti and R. roxellana) with their lowland close relative R. avunculus and other Colobines. Unexpectedly, no amino acid changes were observed in the 7 Colobinae species examined, including the 2 Chinese snub-nosed monkeys, indicating no difference in the evolutionary pattern of the Leptin gene between high-altitude monkeys and their lowland counterparts. In contrast to a previous finding of adaptive evolution of Leptin gene in plateau pikas, our study suggests that this gene may not have an important role in high-altitude adaptation of Chinese snub-nosed monkeys. Other nuclear genes associated with energy metabolism, or mitochondrial genes, are most likely to be involved the molecular mechanism underlying adaptation of these monkeys to cold and hypoxia associated with the highland environment.     

High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services

Biodiversity is rapidly declining worldwide, and there is consensus that this can decrease ecosystem functioning and services. It remains unclear, though, whether few or many of the species in an ecosystem are needed to sustain the provisioning of ecosystem services. It has been hypothesized that most species would promote ecosystem services if many times, places, functions and environmental changes were considered; however, no previous study has considered all of these factors together. Here we show that 84% of the 147 grassland plant species studied in 17 biodiversity experiments promoted ecosystem functioning at least once. Different species promoted ecosystem functioning during different years, at different places, for different functions and under different environmental change scenarios. Furthermore, the species needed to provide one function during multiple years were not the same as those needed to provide multiple functions within one year. Our results indicate that even more species will be needed to maintain ecosystem functioning and services than previously suggested by studies that have either (1) considered only the number of species needed to promote one function under one set of environmental conditions, or (2) separately considered the importance of biodiversity for providing ecosystem functioning across multiple years, places, functions or environmental change scenarios. Therefore, although species may appear functionally redundant when one function is considered under one set of environmental conditions, many species are needed to maintain multiple functions at multiple times and places in a changing world.     

Species-specific calls evoke asymmetric activity in the monkey's temporal poles

It has often been proposed that the vocal calls of monkeys are precursors of human speech, in part because they provide critical information to other members of the species who rely on them for survival and social interactions. Both behavioural and lesion studies suggest that monkeys, like humans, use the auditory system of the left hemisphere preferentially to process vocalizations. To investigate the pattern of neural activity that might underlie this particular form of functional asymmetry in monkeys, we measured local cerebral metabolic activity while the animals listened passively to species-specific calls compared with a variety of other classes of sound. Within the superior temporal gyrus, significantly greater metabolic activity occurred on the left side than on the right, only in the region of the temporal pole and only in response to monkey calls. This functional asymmetry was absent when these regions were separated by forebrain commissurotomy, suggesting that the perception of vocalizations elicits concurrent interhemispheric interactions that focus the auditory processing within a specialized area of one hemisphere.     

自适应业务提供中的元数据技术

首先概要介绍元数据的定义、目的、作用等基本概念，并初步介绍了元数据的描述技术——资源描述框架，在此基础上给出了一个元数据在自适应Web信息提供中的应用示例，并通过示例分析阐述了自适应业务提供中的元数据技术。     

Spatial awareness is a function of the temporal not the posterior parietal lobe.

Our current understanding of spatial behaviour and parietal lobe function is largely based on the belief that spatial neglect in humans (a lack of awareness of space on the side of the body contralateral to a brain injury) is typically associated with lesions of the posterior parietal lobe. However, in monkeys, this disorder is observed after lesions of the superior temporal cortex, a puzzling discrepancy between the species. Here we show that, contrary to the widely accepted view, the superior temporal cortex is the neural substrate of spatial neglect in humans, as it is in monkeys. Unlike the monkey brain, spatial awareness in humans is a function largely confined to the right superior temporal cortex, a location topographically reminiscent of that for language on the left. Hence, the decisive phylogenetic transition from monkey to human brain seems to be a restriction of a formerly bilateral function to the right side, rather than a shift from the temporal to the parietal lobe. One may speculate that this lateralization of spatial awareness parallels the emergence of an elaborate representation for language on the left side.