APC-dependent proteolysis of the mitotic cyclin Clb2 is essential for mitotic exit

Cyclin degradation is central to regulation of the cell cycle. Mitotic exit was proposed to require degradation of the S phase cyclin Clb5 by the anaphase-promoting complex activated by Cdc20 (APC(Cdc20)). Furthermore, Clb5 degradation was thought to be necessary for effective dephosphorylation and activation of the APC regulatory subunit Cdh1 (also known as Hct1) and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Sic1 by the phosphatase Cdc14, allowing mitotic kinase inactivation and mitotic exit. Here we show, however, that spindle disassembly and cell division occur without significant APC(Cdc20)-mediated Clb5 degradation, as well as in the absence of both Cdh1 and Sic1. We find instead that destruction-box-dependent degradation of the mitotic cyclin Clb2 is essential for mitotic exit. APC(Cdc20) may be required for an essential early phase of Clb2 degradation, and this phase may be sufficient for most aspects of mitotic exit. Cdh1 and Sic1 may be required for further inactivation of Clb2-Cdk1, regulating cell size and the length of G1.     

Triggering of cyclin degradation in interphase extracts of amphibian eggs by cdc2 kinase

The cell cycles of early Xenopus embryos consist of a rapid succession of alternating S and M phases. These cycles are controlled by the activity of a protein kinase complex (cdc2 kinase) which contains two subunits. One subunit is encoded by the frog homologue of the fission yeast cdc2+ gene, p34cdc2 and the other is a cyclin. The concentration of cyclins follows a sawtooth oscillation because they accumulate in interphase and are destroyed abruptly during mitosis. The association of cyclin and p34cdc2 is not sufficient for activation of cdc2 kinase, however; dephosphorylation of key tyrosine and threonine residues of p34cdc2 is necessary to turn on its kinase activity. The activity of cdc2 kinase is thus regulated by a combination of translational and post-translational mechanisms. The loss of cdc2 kinase activity at the end of mitosis depends on the destruction of the cyclin subunits. It has been suggested that this destruction is induced by cdc2 kinase itself, thereby providing a negative feedback loop to terminate mitosis. Here we report direct experimental evidence for this idea by showing that cyclin proteolysis can be triggered by adding cdc2 kinase to a cell-free extract of interphase Xenopus eggs.     

深源CO2及其对金的富集成矿作用

目的深源CO2与金成矿作用关系的研究是当前地学界倍受关注的前沿课题,介绍了深源CO2的特点。方法以国内外一些典型金矿研究资料为基础,结合我们近年从事矿床地球化学研究的成果,为深源CO2与金矿化间的联系提供了直接的地质证据。结果地球深部CO2储量巨大,且处于超临界状态,对金矿化有重要作用。结论深源CO2对金矿化的作用主要表现为运输成矿物质和提供巨大的能量两个方面。     

Condensin association with histone H2A shapes mitotic chromosomes

Chromosome structure is dynamically regulated during cell division, and this regulation is dependent, in part, on condensin. The localization of condensin at chromosome arms is crucial for chromosome partitioning during anaphase. Condensin is also enriched at kinetochores but its precise role and loading machinery remain unclear. Here we show that fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) kinetochore proteins Pcs1 and Mde4--homologues of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) monopolin subunits and known to prevent merotelic kinetochore orientation--act as a condensin 'recruiter' at kinetochores, and that condensin itself may act to clamp microtubule binding sites during metaphase. In addition to the regional recruitment factors, overall condensin association with chromatin is governed by the chromosomal passenger kinase Aurora B. Aurora-B-dependent phosphorylation of condensin promotes its association with histone H2A and H2A.Z, which we identify as conserved chromatin 'receptors' of condensin. Condensin phosphorylation and its deposition onto chromosome arms reach a peak during anaphase, when Aurora B kinase relocates from centromeres to the spindle midzone, where the separating chromosome arms are positioned. Our results elucidate the molecular basis for the spatiotemporal regulation of mitotic chromosome architecture, which is crucial for chromosome partitioning.     

利用对偶空间构造最大2-spread

设μq(n,t)表示Vn(q)上最大t-spread的大小.由n≡1(mod t),q=2时μq(n,t)=qn-q/qt-1-(q-1)可知,V5(2)中最大t-spread的个数是9.利用对偶空间给出V5(2)上最大2-spread的一种构造.     

2001年度诺贝尔物理学奖与玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚

简要介绍了2001年度诺贝尔物理学奖及其获得者--埃里克·科内尔,卡尔·维曼与沃尔夫冈·克特勒的有关研究工作;评述了玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的实现及其应用.     

微波辅助下聚乙二醇支载的苯砜类化合物与醛的缩合反应

微波辅助下,合成了PEG支载的α-苯砜乙酸酯,并和醛发生缩合反应,经解脱得到相应的α-苯磺酰基β-取代丙烯酸甲酯类化合物,其产率为50．1％～93．4％,并探讨了反应时间及微波功率对反应的影响．     

5-溴水杨醛缩2-氨基-3,5-二溴吡啶与金属离子配合物的合成及性质研究

在温和的条件下通过5-溴水杨醛和溴化的2-氨基吡啶发生加成反应制取Schiff碱配体(HL:5-溴水杨醛缩2-氨基-3,5-二溴吡啶,用配体分别与四种金属离子反应(M=Co2+、Ni2+、Mn2+、Cu2+)从而得到金属配合物。采用红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱、电导率和熔点等方法测定了其物质结构,并测定了其生物活性。     

二阶锥规划的Lagrange对偶及2维原始对偶单纯形法

目前对二阶锥规划算法的研究是数学规划领域的研究热点之一,在这方面的研究成果初具规模.文中着重研究两方面问题:一是详细推导二阶锥规划的Lagrange对偶问题;二是将2维二阶锥规划(即二阶锥约束都是2维的,但自变量的总维数是2r维的,r表示二阶锥约束的个数)转化成相应的标准形线性规划,给出其原始对偶单纯形法,并举例说明算法的应用,最后进行部分灵敏度分析.这一工作基本完善了2维二阶锥规划的单纯形类方法,即至此,2维二阶锥规划的原始单纯形法、对偶单纯形法和原始对偶单纯形法的理论已较完善.其他拓广的单纯形类方法可在将2维二阶锥规划转化成相应的标准形线性规划之后对应线性规划的拓广单纯形类方法直接得到.     

Z_(2~k)线性码及其对偶码的MacWilliams恒等式

在有限环Z2k上定义了一个新的Hadamard变换,同时给出了有限环Z2k上线性码的完全重量计数器和Hamming重量计数器的定义.最后利用Hadamard变换,证明了Z2k上的线性码及其对偶码之间关于完全重量计数器和Hamming重量计数器的MacWilliams恒等式.     

5-氯水杨醛缩5-碘-2-氨基吡啶及金属配合物的合成和性质研究

合成了5-氯水杨醛缩5-碘-2-氨基吡啶Schiff碱配体及其与铜(Ⅱ)、镍(Ⅱ)、锌(Ⅱ)、铋(Ⅲ)、钴(Ⅲ)、锡(Ⅱ)等的新配合物,用红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱、元素分析、电导率和熔点等方法对配合物的组成、结构进行了表征,并检测了其生物活性。     

一种双线双圆极化微带天线阵列的设计

设计了一种双线双圆极化的多层印制板形式的微带天线阵列,采用缝隙耦合和微带线边馈实现天线的双极化,通过开关及圆极化器实现天线的双线双圆极化输出。通过对影响天线性能的各个参数进行优化设计,并加工了天线阵列,天线实测带宽为约15%,天线增益优于17dB。该天线单元结构简单,剖面低,可以作为大型微带天线阵列的子阵进行通信。     

Towards Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons in potential traps

An exciton is an electron-hole bound pair in a semiconductor. In the low-density limit, it is a composite Bose quasi-particle, akin to the hydrogen atom. Just as in dilute atomic gases, reducing the temperature or increasing the exciton density increases the occupation numbers of the low-energy states leading to quantum degeneracy and eventually to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). Because the exciton mass is small--even smaller than the free electron mass--exciton BEC should occur at temperatures of about 1 K, many orders of magnitude higher than for atoms. However, it is in practice difficult to reach BEC conditions, as the temperature of excitons can considerably exceed that of the semiconductor lattice. The search for exciton BEC has concentrated on long-lived excitons: the exciton lifetime against electron-hole recombination therefore should exceed the characteristic timescale for the cooling of initially hot photo-generated excitons. Until now, all experiments on atom condensation were performed on atomic gases confined in the potential traps. Inspired by these experiments, and using specially designed semiconductor nanostructures, we have collected quasi-two-dimensional excitons in an in-plane potential trap. Our photoluminescence measurements show that the quasi-two-dimensional excitons indeed condense at the bottom of the traps, giving rise to a statistically degenerate Bose gas.