The interdecadal variation of Indonesian Throughflow and its mechanism

The interdecadal variation of the volume and heat transport of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and its mechanism are preliminarily studied on the basis of the updated SODA data. It is found that the interdecadal variation of ITF‘s volume transport is mainly concentrated in upper 714 m and that of ITF‘s heat transport is mainly confined to upper 450 m. There is fairly consistent interdecadal variation in the depth-integrated seawater pressure above different depths in the region south of Davao, north of New Guinea and southwest of Australia. The depth-integrated pressure difference between northwest of Australia and south of Java has best correspondence with ITF‘s volume transport on interdecadal time scales. The relation between the wind stress on the Pacific and ITF‘s volume transport on interdecadal time scales is studied based on Island Rule. It is shown that both the wind stress along the zonal lines just south of Australia and the Equator act as the dominant contributors to ITF‘s volume transport, with the latter dominating the phase of ITF‘s interdecadal variation. These results indicate that the atmospheric forcing and oceanic adjustment in the tropical region both contribute significantly to the ITF‘s interdecadal variation.     

Indonesian Throughflow in an eddy-resolving ocean model

The performance of the eddy-resolving LICOM2.0 in simulating the Indonesian Throughflow has been evaluated against the INSTANT data in the present study. The mean vertical structures of the along strait velocities are simulated well in LICOM2.0, but the large velocities at the bottom of the Lifamatola Passage and the Timor Passage cannot be reproduced by LICOM2.0. The causes are considered to be both the errors in the topography and the tidal mixing at the bottom. Despite several biases in the mean velocities, the mean inflow and outflow volume transports in LICOM2.0 are almost identical to the INSTANT data. Com- pared with the lower resolution LICOM, the most significant improvement is the better simulation of the partitions of the inflow and outflow transports in individual straits. The outflow for low-resolution LICOM is mainly through the Ombai and Lombok Strait, whereas that for LICOM2.0 is mainly through the Timor Passage. The variability of the vertical structure of velocities and the volume transport are also investigated, LICOM2.0 overestimates the magnitude of the upper-layer currents and the amplitude of the variation. We also found that the largest correlation coefficient occurs in the shallowest strait, the Lombok, whereas the lowest occurs in the Timor Passage, especially in the upper layer. The latter may be caused by the unrealistic transport through the Torres Strait in LICOM2.0.     

Warming magnitude of Indonesian Throughflow during the penultimate deglaciation (Termination II) and its relationship with climate change in high-latitude regions

The tropical oceans are important source areas for global heat and water vapor transport, and changes in tropical sea surface tem-perature (SST) will have important impacts on high-latitude and global climate change. It is crucial to establish the precise phase relationship between tropical and high-latitude climate variability to gain insight into the mechanisms of global climate change. Here, we present multi-proxy records across the penultimate deglaciation (Termination II) from sediment Core SO18459, which is located in the outflow area of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) of the Timor Sea. These proxy records include planktonic and benthic foraminifera δ¹⁸O, planktonic foraminifera G. ruber Mg/Ca-derived SST, and δ¹⁸O_w of sea surface water. The Mg/Ca-SST records indicate a warming of 4.1°C in the Timor Sea over Termination II, which is in phase with decrease in planktonic and benthic δ¹⁸O. Our results suggest that at millennial timescales, climate change of the tropical oceans is synchronous with high-latitude ice volume changes. Furthermore, warming of the Timor Sea is almost simultaneous with warming of the Antarctic, suggesting a rapid heat transfer from the tropics to the Antarctic via the atmosphere and/or ocean circulations. The G. ruber δ¹⁸O and SST records of Core SO18459 show a marked YD-like event during Termination II, which is probably caused by decrease in Australian rainfall or strengthening of the Western Pacific Warm Pool. However, a similar YD-like event is not observed in East Asian rainfall records. This discrepancy indicates that different tropical climate systems may have different responses to the same forcing, such as El Niño Southern Oscillation. A similar YD-like event is observed in the global benthic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O records during Termination II, implying teleconnection of millennial scale climate change between the tropical regions and high latitudes.     

Influence of the Indonesian Throughflow on the upwelling off the east coast of South Java

A wave-tide-circulation coupled model is used to simulate upwelling off the south coast of Java, Indone- sia. The results show that the vertical velocity off East Java is stronger than other parts in this area. The strongest vertical velocity is located approximately at 80 m depth. The annual averaged values of upwelling are 2.3 × 10-6 and 1.06 × 10-5 m/s for south of West Java and south of East Java, respectively. The vertical velocity from the model shows that upwelling off West Java has seasonal variability, while it is quite steady and strong off East Java. Additional numerical experiments show that the wind is not the dominant factor for the steady upwelling off the southern part of East Java. It is then hypothesized that the Indonesian Throughflow （ITF） may be responsible for the upwelling. To test this hypothesis, two scenarios are implemented, both of which block the outflow of the ITF. Sensitive study shows that the ITF plays a key role in the formation of East Java upwelling. The effect of the ITF can account for about 55 %-65 % of the upwelling.     

印度尼西亚地区南岛语民族的形成初探

南岛语民族是一个重要的民族群体,这个民族群体主要分布在东南亚的海岛地区,是海岛地区的主体民族。但研究表明,这个民族群体并不是当地的土著,而是后来才迁徙过来的。在南岛语民族先民迁徙的过程中,他们也来到了今天的印度尼西亚地区。先后迁徙到印度尼西亚群岛的南岛语民族的先民,在以后的发展过程中,由于地理隔绝,形成了诸多新的民族集团或支系。     

印尼语视听说教学中影视教材的选用

对于印尼语学习者而言,模拟的语言环境对语言综合运用能力非常关键,影视教材在其中起着不可替代的作用。授课教师应当从语言、内容和价值观等方面合理选择影视材料,并在利用过程中充分发挥学生的主动性。     

GCM模式中斜压波包的动力学特征

利用时间滞后相关和波包的复分解方法,分析了GCM模式资料300hpa的经向风扰动。计算了波包的波长、波数、相速和群速等物理量,揭示了波包的基本动力学特征。斜压波包的波长为数千公里,相速为10m/s左右。波包包络的传播速度为相速的2～3倍,下游发展仍是斜压波包的主要特征。同时,斜压波包在传播过程中显示出较好的相干性,即波包的包络能较长时间内维持其形状不变。详细分析了波包性质的季节变化和南北半球的差异,并将模式资料的结果与实测资料做了比较。     

Connection between interannual variability of the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans in the 1997 - 1998 El Nino event

In this paper, the sea surface height and the heat content of the upper ocean are analyzed to retrieve the relationship of interannual variabilities between the tropical western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans during the 1997 - 1998 El Nino event. In the prophase of this El Nino, the negative sea level anomalies (SLA) occurred in the tropical western Pacific (TWP) firstly, and then appeared in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean (TEI). The negative heat content anomalies (HCA) emerged in the TWP before this El Nino burst while the SLA signals developed over there. During the mature stage of this El Nino, two kinds of signals in the TWP and TEI turned to be the maximum negative sequently. Due to the connected interannual adjustment between the TEI and TWP, we adopted a method to estimate the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) transport by calculating the HCA budget in the TEI. The indirect estimation of the ITF was comparable to the observation values. Therefore, the anomalies in the TEI had been proved as adv     

印尼煤的煤质特征及与国内炼焦煤配伍性研究

对某焦化公司进口的印尼焦煤、肥煤、1/3焦煤以及国内同牌号的田庄焦煤、两渡肥煤和枣庄1/3焦煤进行煤质及单种煤结焦性对比分析,并以生产常用配比为基础进行20kg实验焦炉配煤炼焦实验,探讨印尼煤与国内炼焦煤的配伍性能。结果表明,印尼煤均是低灰、低硫、强黏结性、高膨胀性、低流动性的单一煤,其活性高,活惰比均不低于24,而国内炼焦煤有一定的混配,其活惰比为1～2,活性组分和惰性组分含量较为均衡;印尼单种煤所制焦炭的强度和热性能较差;印尼煤替代国内同牌号煤进行配煤炼焦,所制焦炭质量明显下降,并且替代量越大,焦炭质量下降越多。     

Evolution of heat transport pathways in the Indonesian Archipelago during last deglaciation

The Indonesian Archipelago provides important heat transport pathways of the Western Pacific Warm Pool between the northern Indian Ocean and western equatorial Pacific Ocean, that exert important impacts on global climate change. This study investigated AMS ¹⁴C, δ¹⁸O, planktonic foraminifer assemblages and sedimentation rates in three piston cores collected in the Indonesian Archipelago. The results indicate that changes in the Indonesian Archipelago heat transport pathways were phase characteristic and in steps during the last deglaciation. In the deglaciation Termination IA, at about 12.5 kaBP, sea level rose rapidly in a short time period, and Makassar and Lombok straits widened suddenly for warm and fresh water from the Pacific to pour into the Java Sea and eastern Indian Ocean. During the Termination IB, about 9.5 kaBP, sea level rose rapidly again, and the South China Sea (SCS) started to connect with the Java Sea. With monsoon actions, a large amount of fresh water from the SCS shelf area flew through the Indonesian Archipelago.     

Impact of the closure of Indonesian seaway on climate: A numerical modeling study

Using a global OGCM and its relevant coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM with the contemporary, 6 MaBP and 14 MaBP oceanic topography, respectively, a series of numerical experiments are implemented in order to investigate the effect of the north shift of Australian continent on the tropical oceanic circulation, especially the formation of the western Pacific warm pool. The numerical experiments of the individual OGCM forced by the modern atmospheric circulation indicate that the closure of Indonesian passage results in warming in the tropical Pacific Ocean and cooling in the tropical Indian Ocean; furthermore, it also results in change in source of the Indonesian Through Flow (ITF) water, e.g. ITF mainly originates from the south Pacific at 14 MaBP, but it mainly originates from the north Pacific now. The coupled model shows similar results as the individual OGCM qualitatively.     

西太平洋洋底高原内部结构与形成演化

洋底高原是在深海盆地中最显著的大火成岩省,记录着海洋大规模的岩浆活动,对研究地壳结构、板块构造、地幔动力学乃至地球演化历史都具有重要意义。西太平洋是洋底高原分布最密集的区域,是研究洋底高原内部结构与形成演化的最佳场所。选取西太平洋中最具代表性的6座洋底高原——沙茨基海隆、赫斯海隆、麦哲伦海隆、翁通爪哇高原、马尼希基高原以及希古朗基高原,通过对这6座洋底高原地质概况的简要描述,归纳近年来获得的地球物理与地球化学重要观测结果,揭示其内部结构的共性,包括大面积地形隆起、异常厚的地壳、异常负的地幔重力异常以及形成于洋中脊之上或者附近的位置特征;探索了其形成机制,即地幔柱与洋中脊的相互作用可能是洋底高原的主要成因。     

Phase transition in the subducted oceanic lithosphere and generation of the subduction zone magma

Two metamorphic processes, i.e. subsolidus dehydration and partial melting occurring in MORB, metasediments and peridotite of subducted oceanic lithosphere are discussed on the basis of available experimental work and phase equilibrium modeling. Phase diagrams of hydrous MORB show that in most cold subduction P-T （pressure-temperature） regimes a large portion of water in the basic layer has released below the onset of blueschist facies （〈 20 km）, and at a depth （60--70 km） of transition from lawsonite blueschist to lawsonite eclogite facies through glaucophane dehydration; only a smaller portion of water will escape from the slab through dehydration of lawsonite and chloritoid in the depth range suitable for arc magma formation; and a very small portion of water stored in lawsonite and phengite will fade into the deeper mantle. The role of amphibole for arc magma formation is still arguable. In cold subduction P-Tregimes, the dehydration of chlorite and talc in AI-poor metasediments, and chloritoid and carpholite in AI-rich metapelites at a depth around 80--100 km will make some con- tributions to the formation of arc magma. Comparatively, dehydration of serpentine in hydrated peri- dotite occurs at depths of 120--180 km, playing an important role in the arc magmatism. Subduction of oceanic crust along warm P-T regimes will cross the solidi at a depth over 80 km, resulting in partial melting under fluid-saturated and fluid-absent conditions in the metasediments involving biotite and phengite, and in the basic rocks involving epidote and amphibole. The melt compositions of the basic crust are adakitic at pressures 〈 3.0 GPa, but become peraluminous granitic at higher pressures.     

Subduction age of Neo-Tethys oceanic crust in southwest Yunnan, China: Laser micro-area40Ar-39Ar dating

The basic granulite, which is considered to be the MORE based on geochemistry and isotopic characteristics[1], has been discovered recently as the enclaves in the Yingjiang island-arc magmatic suite on the border of Burma and west Yunnan, east of Myitkyina suture in the eastern Burma. The laser micro-area 40Ar-39Ar technique is used to date the age of garnet and cliopyroxene that is the result of the early metamorphic event. The isochron outcome is -74.4 Ma which is induced to be the age of the suduction event of the Myitkyina oceanic crust on the basis of the Cenozoic lithosphere tectonic evolution, tectonic thermal events and the age of deformation and metamorphism. The discovery of the high-grade or high-pressure metamophic rocks in the island-arc magmatic suite by the way of studying its P-T-t paths can provide a good way to study the age and process of oceanic crust subduction, slab break-off, metamorphic terrain exhumation and the evolution of paleoocean basin.     

虚拟现实技术在虚拟海洋环境中的应用

介绍了从真实的电子海图中提取海洋地理信息数据，建立数据库，并转化成所需要的格式，分别存入海洋地理信息数据库的实现方法和步骤；根据这些数据库建立实体模型库，自动生成三维模型后建立三维模型库，最后实现了实体模型的动态装载。     

Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into Gondwana coals

The marine sedimentary record exhibits evidence for episodes of enhanced organic carbon burial known as 'oceanic anoxic events' (OAEs). They are characterized by carbon-isotope excursions in marine and terrestrial reservoirs and mass extinction of marine faunas. Causal mechanisms for the enhancement of organic carbon burial during OAEs are still debated, but it is thought that such events should draw down significant quantities of atmospheric carbon dioxide. In the case of the Toarcian OAE (approximately 183 million years ago), a short-lived negative carbon-isotope excursion in oceanic and terrestrial reservoirs has been interpreted to indicate raised atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by oxidation of methane catastrophically released from either marine gas hydrates or magma-intruded organic-rich rocks. Here we test these two leading hypotheses for a negative carbon isotopic excursion marking the initiation of the Toarcian OAE using a high-resolution atmospheric carbon dioxide record obtained from fossil leaf stomatal frequency. We find that coincident with the negative carbon-isotope excursion carbon dioxide is first drawn down by 350 +/- 100 p.p.m.v. and then abruptly elevated by 1,200 +/- 400 p.p.m.v, and infer a global cooling and greenhouse warming of 2.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C and 6.5 +/- 1 degrees C, respectively. The pattern and magnitude of carbon dioxide change are difficult to reconcile with catastrophic input of isotopically light methane from hydrates as the cause of the negative isotopic signal. Our carbon dioxide record better supports a magma-intrusion hypothesis, and suggests that injection of isotopically light carbon from the release of thermogenic methane occurred owing to the intrusion of Gondwana coals by Toarcian-aged Karoo-Ferrar dolerites.     

智能仪表系统中的抗干扰研究

智能仪表的抗干扰能力和可靠性是其能否商品化的关键.本文作者在硬件设计上,将抗干扰的重点放在对主干扰源的监视上,采用国外最新开发的电压监视器件并设计相应的处理软件.在软件设计上,针对MCS-51单片机的结构特点和机器码特征,总结出七种软件抗干扰方法.这些方法的采用,使系统的抗干扰能力出现了飞跃.     

铁山港海洋环境资源的保护与利用建议

分析铁山港海洋环境的基本状况，认为人为因素造成港湾海域出现了负面效应；无序开发造成海岸自然环境侵蚀严重；过渡的浅海捕捞造成渔业资源种类和数量衰退。建议港湾环境资源保护工作首先要制定经济开发和资源利用总体规划，其次是加强法规实施力度。     

印尼百通热电站温排水数值模拟

沿海热电站在运行中,以冷却水为载体将大量的废热排放到海洋中,在改变附近海域流场的同时,还会在局部海域形成高温区,一方面导致取水口水温增高,降低冷却效率,另一方面也会对海洋生态环境造成不利影响.本文采用平面二维数学模型对印尼百通热电站附近海域的温度场进行模拟,对取水口附近的温升过程和等温线包络面积进行了分析,为印尼百通电站的环境影响及对策研究提供了参考依据.