液态夹杂与固态夹杂碰撞聚合的物理模拟和机理研究

针对钢液中液态夹杂与固态夹杂碰撞聚合的现象,采用水模型实验模拟了液态夹杂去除固态夹杂的行为.实验结果表明:其与液滴去除夹杂的机理类似,流体内液滴与固粒的碰撞存在3种形式:惯性碰撞、截留捕获和尾流捕获.通过理论公式计算了单独的惯性碰撞捕获效率及同时考虑惯性碰撞和截留的捕获效率,发现二者的趋势基本一致,尤其当液滴直径较大时,二者曲线大致重合,因此,可以得出惯性捕获占据主导地位的结论.这与实验中观察到的液滴与固粒聚合大多数都是惯性碰撞相吻合.对实验数据进行了分析计算,得到了实验中液滴捕获固粒的捕获效率,发现所得曲线与理论计算捕获效率值相比,有一定差异,但是趋势基本一致.这是因为湍动程度较低,不同直径的捕获效率相对较为均匀,没有理论计算曲线那样陡峭.     

Measurement of contact angle between stainless steel surface and carbon dioxide by pendant drop method

To measure contact angle between CO2 and solid surface, in this study a visual high-pressure vessel has been developed, with a corresponding well-controlled constant temperature system. Pendant drop method is applied to the investigation of the contact angles of CO2 on a stainless steel surface in its own vapor. The image of the pendant drop is recorded by a camera, and a B-Snake method is used to analyze the contour and the contact angle of the droplet. The experimental results have provided a set of well tested data, which show that C02 has good infiltration into stainless steel surface and the developed method can be used as a standard testing one for measuring the contact angle between high-pressure liquid and solid surface.     

喷墨印刷技术在超高频天线制作中的应用

 研究了喷墨印刷技术在超高频天线制作中的应用,理论上分析了超高频天线的结构、电感值和喷墨膜层厚度,由此引入分析影响墨滴铺展因素的必要性。在此基础上,利用软件模拟的方法来分析,借助软件中的VOF模型数值模拟和分析墨滴速度、墨滴大小对墨滴碰撞铺展过程的影响情况,结果发现只有控制好影响墨滴碰撞铺展的因素才有可能印刷出性能（导电性等）良好的超高频天线。提出了一些墨滴速度、墨滴尺寸的控制标准,如在其他条件一定的情况下,墨滴的速度最好越小,以免发生墨滴的反弹、飞溅等不良的现象;根据具体条件确定合适的墨滴速度大小。这些工作为分析控制墨滴铺展的参数提供了理论依据,并对喷墨印刷技术在超高频天线制作中参数的调节与控制提供了信息。     

波纹板除雾器两相流动的数值模拟与分析

用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对波纹板除雾器内的气液两相流动进行了数值模拟,计算得到了不同液滴直径、进气速度与叶片间距下除雾器的除雾效率和压降,并分析总结了各参数对除雾效率和压降的影响规律.数值模拟还显示了液滴的运动轨迹以及液滴浓度、压力、速度和旋涡的分布情况,这对除雾器的优化设计具有指导意义.研究表明CFD方法可以成为除雾器设计的有效辅助手段.     

水平管外液膜液滴作用下的蒸汽流动特性

为研究水平管外液体和气体相互作用下的两相流动特性,选择蒸发器中广泛应用的转角正方形排列管束为物理模型,采用流体体积函数(VOF)方法追踪气液界面,提出液体在管间以液滴形式存在的模型假设,结合管间空隙率数据来初始化水平管外液膜厚度和液滴直径,模拟蒸汽在管外液膜和管间液滴作用下的流动过程,分析气液两相的压力场和速度场.结果表明:小喷淋密度下,进出口压降计算值和实验吻合良好;在计算域内,下部区域压力值高于上部区域,且最小压力分布在液滴附近的右下侧区域;压力分布的不均会造成液滴在下落过程中的变形.     

Controlling droplet deposition with polymer additives

Controlling the impact of drops onto solid surfaces is important for a wide variey of coating and deposition processes--for example, the treatment of plants with herbicides and pesticides requires precise targeting in order to meet stringent toxicological regulations. However, the outer wax-like layer of the leaves is a non-wetting substrate that causes sprayed droplets to rebound; often less than 50% of the initial spray is retained by the plant. Although the impact and subsequent retraction of non-wetting aqueous drops on a hydrophobic surface have been the subjects of extensive experimental and theoretical work, non-newtonian rheological effects have not been considered in any detail. Here we report that, by adding very small amounts of a flexible polymer to the aqueous phase, we can inhibit droplet rebound on a hydrophobic surface and markedly improve deposition without significantly altering the shear viscosity of the solutions. Our results can be understood by taking into account the non-newtonian elongational viscosity, which provides a large resistance to drop retraction after impact, thereby suppressing droplet rebound.     

The liquid phase separation of Bi-Ga hypermonotectic alloy under acoustic levitation condition

Containerless treatment of Bi-58.5at%Ga hypermonotecUc alloy is successfully performed with acoustic levitation technique. Under acoustic levitation condition, the second phase （Ga） distributes almost homogeneously in solidification sample, opposite to macrosegregation in solidification sample under conventional condition. Stokes motion of the second liquid droplet （Ga） is significantly restrained under acoustic levitation condition. The analyses indicate that the melt vibration in the gravity direction forced by acoustic field can induce steady flow around the second liquid droplet, which influences droplet shape during its moving upward and consequently restrains Stokes motion velocity of the second liquid droplet.     

梯度表面能材料及液滴运动特性实验

采用十二烷基三氯硅烷(C12H25Cl3Si)和辛基三氯硅烷(C8H17Cl3Si),通过化学气相沉积的方法(CVD),在硅基板上制取了具有梯度表面能的材料表面.通过躺滴法,测量了梯度表面能材料水平表面上的微量液滴接触角的分布,并以此表征材料表面能的分布.实验表明:水平放置的梯度表面能材料表面可驱使其上面的直径为1～3 mm的液滴从憎水侧向亲水侧迁移,单个液滴的运动速度最大可达0.9 m/s.在实验观察的基础上,探讨了液滴在具有梯度表面能材料表面运动的机理.     

Probable observation of a supersolid helium phase

When liquid (4)He is cooled below 2.176 K, it undergoes a phase transition-Bose-Einstein condensation-and becomes a superfluid with zero viscosity. Once in such a state, it can flow without dissipation even through pores of atomic dimensions. Although it is intuitive to associate superflow only with the liquid phase, it has been proposed theoretically that superflow can also occur in the solid phase of (4)He. Owing to quantum mechanical fluctuations, delocalized vacancies and defects are expected to be present in crystalline solid (4)He, even in the limit of zero temperature. These zero-point vacancies can in principle allow the appearance of superfluidity in the solid. However, in spite of many attempts, such a 'supersolid' phase has yet to be observed in bulk solid (4)He. Here we report torsional oscillator measurements on solid helium confined in a porous medium, a configuration that is likely to be more heavily populated with vacancies than bulk helium. We find an abrupt drop in the rotational inertia of the confined solid below a certain critical temperature. The most likely interpretation of the inertia drop is entry into the supersolid phase. If confirmed, our results show that all three states of matter-gas, liquid and solid-can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation.     

Research on droplet formation and dripping behavior during the electroslag remelting process

A better understanding of droplet formation and dripping behavior would be useful in the efficient removal of impurity elements and nonmetallic inclusions from liquid metals. In the present work, we developed a transparent experimental apparatus to study the mechanisms of droplet formation and the effects of filling ratio on droplet behavior during the electroslag remelting (ESR) process. A high-speed camera was used to clearly observe, at small time scales, the droplet formation and dripping phenomenon at the slag/metal interface during a stable ESR process. The results illustrate that a two-stage process for droplet formation and dripping occurs during the ESR process and that the droplet diameter exhibits a parabolic distribution with increasing filling ratio because of the different shape and thermal state of the electrode tip. This work also confirms that a relatively large filling ratio reduces electricity consumption and improves ingot quality.     

CO2保护碱性药芯焊丝熔滴过渡及影响因素

研究了CO2保护碱性药芯焊丝的熔滴过渡形式和焊接工艺参数、药芯粉成分对熔滴过渡形式的影响。结果表明,CO2保护碱性药芯焊丝的熔滴过渡形式可分为短路过渡、粗滴排斥过渡和细颗粒过渡。药芯焊丝熔化时存在液态渣柱,影响熔滴的短路过渡和粗滴排斥过渡。随焊接电流、电压的增加,熔滴从短路过渡逐渐转变成粗滴排斥过渡,最后变成细颗粒过渡。随药芯粉中氟硅酸钠的增加或萤石的减少,熔滴的平均直径减小,过渡频率增加。硅铁、锰铁和铝镁合金均能降低熔滴中氧的含量,使熔滴粗化和过渡频率降低。     

最大熵原理预测气流式喷嘴雾化液滴粒径分布

以最大熵理论为基础,研究了在气流速度一定的条件下,液气质量比的变化对液滴粒径分布的影响。采用归一化条件、比表面积约束条件和大液滴约束条件,提出了适合三通道气流式喷嘴的液滴粒径分布的数学模型。该模型形式简单,模拟液滴体积分布结果与实验结果吻合得很好。     

气液喷射器中不同粒径分布函数下液滴轨迹数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法研究气液喷射器内液滴的运动轨迹,液相流场采用离散相模型。研究粒径和液滴速度对液滴运动轨迹的影响,探索了单一液滴和不同Rosin—Rammler分布函数下液滴的运动轨迹。结果表明,气相旋转气流并没有对液滴的轨迹造成太大的影响,液滴仍是以接近直线的形式向前运动;离散相液滴最终的速度主要取决于气相速度,与液滴粒径大小、粒径分布和初速度无关;液滴的运动轨迹随着Rosin—Rammler分布中均匀性系数的增加,液滴速度的增大和平均粒径的减小而发生改变,造成离散相液滴喷出趋向于集中和液滴相对远离壁面。     

液固撞击的非线性波动模型的研究

推导了和于研究液固撞击问题的非线性波动模型，并将其应用于水锤过程及球形液滴与刚性固体平面法向撞击过程的数值分析。通过对水锤过程的模拟分析，给出了液固接触面压力随时间的分布；对球形液滴与刚性固体平面撞击过程的模拟，给出了不同时间液固接触面上无量纲压力分布，以及液滴内无量纲压力的等值线。结果表明，非线性波动模型可以给出详细的液固撞击过程的各物理参量，为液滴侵蚀固体表面问题的研究提供了可靠的依据。结果与精确解吻合良好，从而对非线性波动模型进行了验证。     

空气环境中水滴和半空间弹性体撞击力学行为的数值模拟

通过将拉格朗日方法与欧拉方法相耦合,分析了在空气环境中直径为1 mm、速度为150 m/s的球形水滴对半空间弹性体的撞击过程.通过对液固撞击过程的数值模拟,给出了撞击过程中水滴内部的压力分布及其随时间的变化、液固接触边缘射流的形成及其破碎的过程、被撞击固体的变形特点和等效应力及其随时间的变化.结果表明:水滴和被撞击固体的可压缩性对整个撞击过程有重要影响;在撞击的初始阶段,水滴中产生水锤压力并使固体表面产生相对很大的变形和应力,水锤压力的理论值和数值计算的结果具有较好的一致性,验证了耦合数值计算方法的可行性和精确度;射流出现的时间比激波脱体的时间晚,高速射流对不再平坦的固体表面的强烈剪切作用使固体进一步变形,并且液固接触边缘的压力高于内部的压力.     

CO_2保护碱性药芯焊丝熔滴过渡及影响因素

研究了CO2 保护碱性药芯焊丝的熔滴过渡形式和焊接工艺参数、药芯粉成分对熔滴过渡形式的影响 .结果表明 ,CO2 保护碱性药芯焊丝的熔滴过渡形式可分为短路过渡、粗滴排斥过渡和细颗粒过渡 .药芯焊丝熔化时存在液态渣柱 ,影响熔滴的短路过渡和粗滴排斥过渡 .随焊接电流、电压的增加 ,熔滴从短路过渡逐渐转变成粗滴排斥过渡 ,最后变成细颗粒过渡 .随药芯粉中氟硅酸钠的增加或萤石的减少 ,熔滴的平均直径减小 ,过渡频率增加 .硅铁、锰铁和铝镁合金均能降低熔滴中氧的含量 ,使熔滴粗化和过渡频率降低 .     

固体颗粒在竖直向上管内流场中的运动规律

对单个颗粒在竖直向上管内层流、紊流中及在液体发生相变时的运动规律进行了较为系统全面的分析,建立了计算方程。研究结果表明,颗粒在随流体轴向运动的同时还存在向管中心方向的径向迁移。固体颗粒到达管中心后会随流体一直向上运动。在近壁面处存在一个流化死区,流化死区的大小与流体流态、固体颗粒的大小和密度有关。固体颗粒尺寸及密度愈大,流速愈小,则流化死区愈大。液体相变对颗粒的运动也产生重要的影响。当热流密度不是很大,液体流量较小且在起始截面处的液相为单相饱和液体时,管内相变会对固体颗粒的运动规律产生明显的影响;而当液体流量较大且为紊流流动时,这一影响较弱     

液滴图片数字化引起的超疏表面接触角测量误差模拟研究

液滴在表面上的接触角是衡量表面润湿性能的一个重要指标,近年来在超疏水表面研究领域得到广泛应用。目前接触角测试主要采用座滴法在获取液滴数字图片的基础上对液滴轮廓进行直接测量或拟合得到;数字图片的离散性决定了接触角测试结果具有一定误差这一误差在液滴偏离球冠形状的情况下(例如:超疏水/油表面接触角测量)会变得较为严重。拟采用数值模拟分析方法研究由液滴数字图片决定的超疏水/油表面接触角测量误差随液滴参数和表面性能的变化规律。通过模拟发现,接触角测量误差随着接触角的增大而增大;采用大体积液滴进行测量会带来较大的接触角误差;而密度大或表面张力小的液体带来的误差较太。为实现接触角误差的控制,在采用小体积液滴的同时,可以通过悬滴法进行测试,此时误差可控制在仪器误差限范围之内。     

光谱液滴分析系统设计

将光谱分析方法引入液滴分析技术中，构建研究被测液体物理和化学特性的光谱液滴分析系统．通过液滴传感器监测被测液体的液滴生长过程，得到光经过液滴作用后的光强变化信息和液滴形成过程中的瞬时体积信息，同时利用微型光谱仪得到被测液体的吸收光谱．综合这3种包含被测液体特性信息的数据，构造液体的3维指纹图，它体现了液体的综合特性，在确定条件下对同种液体是唯一的，可作为研究液体特性和鉴别不同液体的依据．     

Calculation of the self-formation driving force for composite microstructure in liquid immiscible alloy system

Using Becker's method, we calculate the interfacial energy between two liquid phases in an immiscible system. Based on the Gibbs-Thomson equation, the force acting on the droplet towards the thermal center can be obtained by integrating the interfacial energy between the droplet and matrix liquid phase, which is related to both the radius of a droplet and the temperature gradient. In addition, the forces of gravitation and buoyancy also act on the droplet. The calculated results indicate that the resultant for these forces together mainly decides the microstructure morphology of the solidified alloy. The calculated results are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results.