低碳钢在湿热工业海洋大气中的腐蚀特征

以0.1 mol·L-1 NaCl+0.01 mol·L-1 NaHSO3溶液为腐蚀介质,采用干/湿周浸加速腐蚀实验、腐蚀失重、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析等方法,研究了湿热工业海洋大气中低碳钢的腐蚀行为.结果表明:实验钢的腐蚀过程均遵循幂函数d=Atn分布规律,钢种不同,常系数A、n的值不同;腐蚀产物主要由非晶物质和少量Fe3 O4、α-FeOOH、β-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH晶体组成.所得锈层可分为主体锈层和界面疏松带两部分,由内至外锈层中Fe、O含量梯度变化很小.Cl-、SO2与水分的长期协同作用会导致内锈层结构变差,而添加稳定性或耐蚀性较高的元素可以改善锈层质量,进而增强钢材的耐腐蚀性能.     

铜在大气中的腐蚀

综述了铜在不同大气气氛中的腐蚀情况,分别介绍了铜在含有硫酸铵[(NH4)2SO4]、硫酸氢铵(NH4HSO4)、二氧化硫(SO2)、臭氧(O3)、氯化钠(NaCl)的大气中的腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物及腐蚀机理。表明当(NH4)2SO4微粒存在时,可能形成铜绿中的碱式硫酸铜。铜在含SO2+O3的潮湿大气中腐蚀很快,加入少量NaCl,会使腐蚀速率显著减少;加入大量NaCl,会使腐蚀速率增加。     

不同暴露时间下不锈钢在典型地区大气腐蚀的灰色分析

采用灰色关联分析方法对2Cr13和1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在典型地区12a大气腐蚀和环境因素之间的关联度进行了计算,研究了大气腐蚀影响因素随时间的变化.结果表明,2Cr13和1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢大气腐蚀影响因素随时间的变化有所不同.2Cr13不锈钢的初期腐蚀,受相对湿度大于80%的年时数、降雨量、温度和Cl-的影响较大,受SO2影响较小.2Cr13不锈钢的中长期腐蚀,主要受Cl-、SO2、相对湿度大于80%的年时数、平均相对湿度及温度等影响.在各个腐蚀阶段腐蚀速率和各种影响因素的关联度大小次序均在不断变化.1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在发生腐蚀的初期,主要受相对湿度大于80%的年时数、降雨量及降尘等因素影响.随着腐蚀时间的延长,Cl-的作用逐渐上升为主导因素,关联度大小次序趋于稳定.     

低碳贝氏体钢在三种典型环境中的腐蚀行为和腐蚀产物

通过干湿循环加速腐蚀实验并结合X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱分析和N2吸附等方法,研究了低碳贝氏体钢在用相应溶液模拟的三种大气环境(海洋、工业和海洋工业大气)中加速腐蚀行为和腐蚀产物特征.实验结果表明,低碳贝氏体钢在三种环境中的腐蚀速率均低于商业化耐候钢09CuPCrNi.低碳贝氏体钢在上述三种环境中的腐蚀速率也有较大差别,其在含有复合腐蚀因子(Cl-和SO32-)的环境中腐蚀最为严重,而在只含腐蚀因子SO32-的环境中腐蚀程度最轻.在不同环境中形成的腐蚀产物相组成差别很小,但锈层致密程度相差较大,并且锈层越致密,对应的钢腐蚀速率越低.在三种环境中的腐蚀对钢的拉伸力学性能的影响较小,说明没有产生严重的局部腐蚀.     

盐粒沉降对Zn大气腐蚀的影响

使用石英晶体微天平(QCM)并结合红外透射光谱(IRTS)研究了海洋大气环境和工业大气环境对金属Zn在薄液膜下大气腐蚀的影响.QCM试验表明:研究的几种电解质中,NaCl对Zn的腐蚀最严重,其次是(NH4)2SO4,NaNO3较弱,Na2CO3最轻微.结合红外光谱对腐蚀产物的分析,阐述了各种不同电解质条件下的腐蚀机理.     

Q235碳钢在西沙大气暴晒的锈层特征

在西沙群岛高温、高湿的海洋大气环境下对Q235碳钢进行了3个月的暴晒实验,利用电子探针、激光拉曼等观察分析了暴晒后样品的锈层特征. 结果表明:Q235碳钢暴晒1个月后迅速形成较厚的锈层,锈层疏松多孔,多裂纹;当暴晒3个月时,锈层却明显减薄. Q235碳钢在西沙暴晒1个月后形成的外层腐蚀产物主要是γ-FeOOH、β-FeOOH、α-FeOOH及少量Fe3O4等,而锈层内部主要为Fe3O4、γ-Fe2O3等铁的氧化物. 暴晒3个月后,疏松锈层的内部电解液蒸发加剧,内层还原后的锈层重新被氧化,生成较多的FeOOH,同时部分γ-FeOOH转化成为α-FeOOH. Q235碳钢在西沙大气环境下的暴晒过程(也就是锈层的氧化还原反应的交替过程)中,钢基体不断地被腐蚀.     

镀锌层无铬硅酸盐彩色钝化成膜机理及性能

针对镀锌层可显著提高钢铁零件的耐蚀性能,但在潮湿的环境中其表面易被腐蚀产生白锈,从而失去对基体的保护作用的问题,制备了A3钢镀锌层表面的无铬硅酸盐彩色钝化膜,以进一步提高其耐蚀性能,并使用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、中性盐雾试验和电化学工作站,研究了膜层的组分、成膜的过程及耐蚀性能.研究结果表明:钝化膜的主要成分为Zn4Si2O7-(OH)2·2H2O,Si O2,Zn O和Zn(OH)2,其中性盐雾试验出白锈时间能够达到75 h,与市场上广泛应用的三价格(Cr3+)钝化膜相当.     

冰冻/解冻对低合金耐候钢大气腐蚀的影响

采用事内、室内+冰冻和户外三种不同环境的曝晒实验,研究了冰冻/解冻循环对两种耐候钢初期大气腐蚀行为的影响.利用失重实验和电化学方法评价了实验钢的耐腐蚀性能,用扫描电镜观察了锈层形貌,用能谱分析仪分析了合金元素在锈层中的分布.结果表明:低温、低湿环境促进致密锈层的形成,而温度、湿-度较高的环境中形成的锈层致密度较低;冰冻/解冻循环导致非致密锈层内产生裂纹,其原因是疏松锈层中的孔洞中含有大量液态水,在液固相变时产生较大的应力,致使锈层开裂.致密锈层不含液态水,基本不受其影响.     

体液无机离子在镁表面的腐蚀机理

为揭示镁在人体中的腐蚀机理,通过分子动力学模拟方法研究计算了体液中无机离子Cl-、SO2-4、HCO3-和HPO2-4在镁表面的腐蚀,并用实验对模拟的结果进行了验证.研究结果表明:体系加入无机离子后,破坏了水分子的稳定结构,模拟体系的扩散系数明显增大.不同离子溶液与Mg(0001)表面的主要作用力为化学键Mg—O,其会很大程度地破坏镁致密的晶格结构,使镁的表面结构变得疏松有孔.其次,溶液中的Cl-、SO2-4、HCO3-和HPO2-4会通过孔隙进入镁结构内部,通过Mg—Cl、Mg—S、Mg—C和Mg—P间相互作用力拉大Mg—Mg的键长,使得其结构更加疏松,进一步加快其腐蚀进程.加入Cl-、SO2-4、HCO3-和HPO2-4以后,会生成氧化物MgOx H2x,使镁的腐蚀大幅度加快.加入Cl-以后,会生成HCl,加入SO2-4以后,O原子会把Mg原子拉出Mg层,Mg原子会溶入溶液,从而使镁层腐蚀.加入HCO3-以后,会生成H3 CO4.HPO2-4的加入,会生成弱酸H2 PO4.这些生成物都会对镁的腐蚀产生很大的影响.结果表明:加入无机离子后,模拟体系的氧化反应程度增大,增大了镁的腐蚀程度.生成物中若含有HCl、H2 SO4,其体系中镁的腐蚀剧烈,程度较深.生成物中若含有OH-,其也会对镁的腐蚀产生影响,但其生成量很少,影响程度有限.生成物中若含有H2 CO3、H3 PO4等弱酸,对镁的腐蚀作用相对较小,说明Cl-、SO2-4是引起镁腐蚀的主要原因.     

西周铜壶、西汉五铢钱、隋代铜镜等文物保护

针对青铜器受土壤、水、氯化物等的侵蚀而产生锈蚀且容易蔓延的特点，研制出青铜器有害锈转化剂和青铜保护剂，可将有害锈转化为无害锈，然后再进行保护。用此方法对西安碑林傅物馆受粉状锈腐蚀严重的西周铜壶和隋代铜镜进行保护，在普通库房存放4年，保护完好，无锈点；又对49枚受粉状锈腐蚀的西汉五铢钱进行保护，在大气中存放7年，至今保护完好，无锈点。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with