Polar ocean stratification in a cold climate

The low-latitude ocean is strongly stratified by the warmth of its surface water. As a result, the great volume of the deep ocean has easiest access to the atmosphere through the polar surface ocean. In the modern polar ocean during the winter, the vertical distribution of temperature promotes overturning, with colder water over warmer, while the salinity distribution typically promotes stratification, with fresher water over saltier. However, the sensitivity of seawater density to temperature is reduced as temperature approaches the freezing point, with potential consequences for global ocean circulation under cold climates. Here we present deep-sea records of biogenic opal accumulation and sedimentary nitrogen isotopic composition from the Subarctic North Pacific Ocean and the Southern Ocean. These records indicate that vertical stratification increased in both northern and southern high latitudes 2.7 million years ago, when Northern Hemisphere glaciation intensified in association with global cooling during the late Pliocene epoch. We propose that the cooling caused this increased stratification by weakening the role of temperature in polar ocean density structure so as to reduce its opposition to the stratifying effect of the vertical salinity distribution. The shift towards stratification in the polar ocean 2.7 million years ago may have increased the quantity of carbon dioxide trapped in the abyss, amplifying the global cooling.     

天津极地海洋世界建筑设计

以天津极地海洋世界设计为例,探讨了建筑设计的仿生设计手法,从形态、结构、生物特性仿生等方面论述了仿生设计在建筑设计中的具体应用。海洋馆功能齐全、结构合理,形体大胆而不失建筑个性。以其为例,从功能、造型、意境三个方面分析了展示设计的空间形态与意境传达的表现手法。     

Mercury contamination in aquatic ecosystems under a changing environment: Implications for the Three Gorges Reservoir

Mercury is one of the primary contaminants of global concern.As anthropogenic emissions of mercury are gradually placed under control,evidence is emerging that biotic mercury levels in many aquatic ecosystems are increasingly driven by internal biogeochemical processes,especially in ecosystems that have been undergoing dramatic environmental changes.Here we review the unique properties of mercury that are responsible for the exceptional sensitivity of its biogeochemical cycles to changes in climatic,geochemical,biological and ecological processes.We show that,due to rapid climate warming,a shift from sources-driven to processes-driven mercury bioaccumulation is already happening in the Arctic marine ecosystem.We further suggest that such a shift might also be operating in the Three Gorges Reservoir due to changes in these biogeochemical processes induced by the damming.As a result,the effectiveness of mercury emission control is expected to be followed by long delays before ensuing reduction is seen in food-web levels,making it all the more pressing to control and reduce mercury emissions to the reservoir.Long-term monitoring and targeted studies are urgently needed to understand how biotic mercury levels in the reservoir are responding to changes in mercury emissions and in biogeochemical processes.     

极性膜中的中耦合极化子

采用微扰法在同时计及ＬＯ声子和ＳＯ声子的作用下，计算了极性膜的中耦合自由极化子的自能和有效质量。计算结果准确地考虑了电子在反冲效应中发射的虚声子间的相互作用。     

极性膜内的偏心杂质

本文用变分微扰法即论了极性膜中杂质位于偏心处束缚极化子,同时计及电子一体纵光学声子作用以及电子一面光学声子作用,导出了由电子一体(面)光学声子作用所产生的诱生势及束缚能与膜厚的关系,并讨论了变分参数随杂质位置变化而变化的物理意义。     

DNA in a material world

The specific bonding of DNA base pairs provides the chemical foundation for genetics. This powerful molecular recognition system can be used in nanotechnology to direct the assembly of highly structured materials with specific nanoscale features, as well as in DNA computation to process complex information. The exploitation of DNA for material purposes presents a new chapter in the history of the molecule.     

介质覆盖的极性膜内电子-光学声子相互作用

本文对半无限媒质覆盖的极性晶体中晶格振动的光学极化模进行严格的理论分析,发现除通常的体横光学模、纵光学模以外,还存在四支类表面光学本征模。进一步导出了膜内屯子与光学声子相互作用的哈密顿量,重点讨论了电子与表面光学声子相互作用的性质。     

Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic ocean

Pelagic marine predators face unprecedented challenges and uncertain futures. Overexploitation and climate variability impact the abundance and distribution of top predators in ocean ecosystems. Improved understanding of ecological patterns, evolutionary constraints and ecosystem function is critical for preventing extinctions, loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecosystem services. Recent advances in electronic tagging techniques have provided the capacity to observe the movements and long-distance migrations of animals in relation to ocean processes across a range of ecological scales. Tagging of Pacific Predators, a field programme of the Census of Marine Life, deployed 4,306 tags on 23 species in the North Pacific Ocean, resulting in a tracking data set of unprecedented scale and species diversity that covers 265,386 tracking days from 2000 to 2009. Here we report migration pathways, link ocean features to multispecies hotspots and illustrate niche partitioning within and among congener guilds. Our results indicate that the California Current large marine ecosystem and the North Pacific transition zone attract and retain a diverse assemblage of marine vertebrates. Within the California Current large marine ecosystem, several predator guilds seasonally undertake north-south migrations that may be driven by oceanic processes, species-specific thermal tolerances and shifts in prey distributions. We identify critical habitats across multinational boundaries and show that top predators exploit their environment in predictable ways, providing the foundation for spatial management of large marine ecosystems.     

Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems

All ecosystems are exposed to gradual changes in climate, nutrient loading, habitat fragmentation or biotic exploitation. Nature is usually assumed to respond to gradual change in a smooth way. However, studies on lakes, coral reefs, oceans, forests and arid lands have shown that smooth change can be interrupted by sudden drastic switches to a contrasting state. Although diverse events can trigger such shifts, recent studies show that a loss of resilience usually paves the way for a switch to an alternative state. This suggests that strategies for sustainable management of such ecosystems should focus on maintaining resilience.     

晶体中弱耦合磁极化子的内部激发态

研究晶体中弱耦合磁极化子内部激发态的性质。采用线性组合算符和么正变换方法计算晶体中磁极化子的第一内部激发态及振动频率,并对两种极限情况进行了讨论。对晶体（GaP）作了数值计算,结果表明极化子的第一内部激发态能量和回旋共振频率随磁场的增加而增大。     

多原子极性晶体系统中杂质态的基态能量

结合多原子极性晶体系统中与声子普适耦合杂质态的性能,采用Huybrechts线性组合算符和么正变换,导出了强,弱耦合下杂质态的基态能量的普适表达式。     

极性膜内束缚极化子的温度效应

本文同时计及电子一体纵光学声子及电子一面光学声子的作用,采用LLP变分法及变分微扰法,导出了膜内束缚极化子基态和激发态能量与温度的关系以及束缚极化子有效质量与温度的关系。