基于世界科技革命加速进化规律的世界能源转型研究

世界能源转型就是由世界主导性能源更替所引发的能源革命、工业革命和社会革命，受世界科技革命及能源供需驱动，具有幕式变革特征，是人类文明进程中质量互变的重要组成部分。根据世界科技革命的周期性及加速进化规律，以及世界能源转型的幕式变革规律，结合世界能源技术前沿和现有产业基础，综合判断本轮世界能源转型为天然气接替石油所引发的“低碳转型”，受智能化和页岩气技术革命驱动，始于2007年，将止于2032年，目前处于转型的第二阶段（“破旧”），2027年后将进入第三阶段（“立新”）。核聚变将在2030年前后登上历史舞台，2069—2088年将经历“零碳转型”，2088年后人类将走向能源自由。由于核聚变具有与化石能源截然不同的无穷大能量总体、弱地缘依赖性和零碳排三大特征，故其零碳能源转型将意味着颠覆性改变，也决定了低碳转型的方向。国家、行业和企业将需要在世界能源转型的总框架下，根据自身比较优劣势和战略定位，在当前出发点与远期“零碳转型”目标之间进行低碳转型路径的全局寻优。我国一次能源结构具有富碳特征，尽管天然气产业发展迅速，但要在保障能源消费总量增长的同时实现“双碳目标”，就必须依靠科技创新驱动特色发展...     

科技驱动低碳发展的政策引领

<正>全球日益严重的资源衰竭、能源短缺、环境污染等问题,越来越制约着经济发展和人们生活。低碳发展已成大势所趋,低碳科技则是驱动低碳发展的关键手段。低碳科技将颠覆以化石能源为基石的工业文明发展模式,带来能源利用方式的全新革命。而发展低碳科技,离不开政府的政策引领。只有最大限度地发挥政策的引导、规范、制约作用,才能更好地促进低碳发展。科技驱动低碳发展的能源政策(一)转变发展方式世界能源科技蓬勃发展,特别是一些战略性能源高科技将成为促进国家能源发     

前言

<正>化石能源伴随着工业时代的快速发展被大量消耗，导致CO2的排放量急剧攀升，引发全球温室效应。与此同时，对有限化石能源的持续消耗也带来了全球性的能源危机。以化石能源为支撑的高碳能源体系向以新能源和可再生能源为主题的新型低碳能源体系过渡，已成为世界各国竞相调整的能源发展战略。     

减排二氧化碳发展低碳经济首先要重视节约使用化石能源

分析了能源消费和经济发展的规律,可再生能源的特点、大量开发利用存在的技术瓶颈和减排二氧化碳的效果,认为我国能源消费总量正处在持续增长期,未来40年内可再生能源不可能成为我国的主要能源,化石能源仍将是我国能源的主体,提出减排二氧化碳、发展低碳经济,要首先重视节约使用化石能源。归纳了我国化石能源开发利用取得的成就和存在的问题,提出了节约使用化石能源的对策,一是确定比较合理的GDP增长速度,建立化石能源消费总量控制指标体系;二是建立化石能源加工利用过程全寿命周期能效及二氧化碳排放的评价方法,通过不断优化提高化石能源利用效率;三是从我国化石能源资源状况出发,研究建立符合国情的低碳现代化生活消费模式;四是充分利用财政税收政策和行政手段鼓励和强制节能;五是加强节约使用化石能源的技术、材料、产品的研究开发和推广应用;六是加大资金投入,实现化石能源的优化利用和节约使用。     

天然气产业高速发展促进中国燃气具行业新发展

以＂西气东输＂为发展契机,从＂十一五＂开始,天然气作为最清洁优质的化石能源在我国获得了前所未有的大发展。当前,我国发展低碳经济,结构转型,合理调整能源结构的需求迫在眉睫。天然气的碳排放是油的一半,煤炭的1/4,因此,加大天然气和新能源的比例,降低煤炭的比例是结构调整的关键。     

探讨低碳建筑设计

随着我国经济的迅速发展，建筑行业在促进经济发展，带动城市建设中起着重要的作用。但由于建筑行业其自身的特点，因此被看做是走向低碳经济的最重要的行业，在建筑设计上要树立低碳意识，引入低碳理念。在建筑材料与设备制造、施工建造和建筑物使用的整个生命周期内，减少化石能源的使用，提高能效，降低二氧化碳的排放量。     

高碳能源——煤的低二氧化碳排放和高附加值利用

 据统计2010年世界探明化石能源储量天然气占21.1%,煤炭占54.78%,石油占24.12%,而同年的化石能源消费结构为天然气占27.37%,煤炭占34.05%,石油占35.58%(2011年世界能源统计报告).可见煤炭的储采比远大于石油,将成为未来化石能源的主力.而我国化石能源探明储量比例约为煤96.14%,石油1.78%,天然气2.08%,而从消费角度看,近年来虽然石油对外依存度已超过一半,而煤炭仍能占国内一次能源的70%左右.煤炭作为中国的主导化石能源是难以改变的.     

英国低碳经济中的政府规制及启示

高碳型经济发展模式带来了生态破坏、环境污染、气候变化等很多不利人类生存和发展的问题。低碳经济成为人类社会走向可持续发展的必由之路,也是对高碳模式的矫正和更新。发展低碳经济的目标是要减少人类对化石能源的依赖、控制温室气体排放,这不仅需要技术创新更要求制度和管理的创新。低碳发展逐渐成为当代各国政府管理创新的重要内容,英国政府在这方面有着较为成功的做法。在发展低碳经济的进程中,英国政府不仅起了主导作用,还实行了强有力的政府行为：将低碳经济提高到国家战略的高度;出台一系列法律法规;整合组建促进低碳经济发展的政府部门;鼓励低碳升级改造、引导低碳技术研发;尝试建立政府参与投资的绿色银行;积极宣传低碳理念等。我国在进行低碳经济转型过程中应学习英国的一些成熟做法。     

2050年我国低碳能源系统的形态、特征描绘和敏感性分析

碳达峰、碳中和目标将加速我国能源系统的低碳转型。为促进全社会的协同行动,需要一个未来低碳能源系统的清晰、完整图景来提供前瞻性引导。而目前,未来低碳能源系统的形态、特征以及敏感性因素尚研究不足。该文发展了一套能源-物质流耦合及敏感性分析方法,建立了2050年低碳能源系统的计量基础,描绘了其整体能源流向和二氧化碳排放源、汇的关系,并分析了其主要组成部分的结构和效率一旦发生变化对二氧化碳排放总量的影响。结果表明,未来低碳能源系统可能将呈现非化石能源为主的一次能源结构和发电结构以及高比例终端电力占比等基本形态,并可能具有电力部门负排放、工业部门排放最大等基本碳排放特征。该系统的碳排放总量对工业部门的电力占比和化石能源发电的效率变化最为敏感,其次是风电占比提高、更多煤电安装碳捕获和封存(carbon capture and sequestration, CCS)及化石能源发电的余热利用等。为此,该文建议严格控制化石能源的终端直接利用,加速电力部门低碳进程,加强探索难减排部门的低碳路径和非化石非电利用,以及大力建设智慧能源系统来保障多能互补。     

应对低碳经济化石能源研究

低碳经济是以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济模式,它以全新的理念变革着经济社会发展方式。为应对低碳经济的发展,必须大力发展绿色化石能源。本文对当前化石能源现状、利用与环境的关系进行了详细的阐述,并对绿色化石能源发展的前景进行了分析。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that