Electronically soft phases in manganites

The phenomenon of colossal magnetoresistance in manganites is generally agreed to be a result of competition between crystal phases with different electronic, magnetic and structural order; a competition which can be strong enough to cause phase separation between metallic ferromagnetic and insulating charge-modulated states. Nevertheless, closer inspection of phase diagrams in many manganites reveals complex phases where the two order parameters of magnetism and charge modulation unexpectedly coexist. Here we show that such experiments can be naturally explained within a phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau theory. In contrast to models where phase separation originates from disorder or as a strain-induced kinetic phenomenon, we argue that magnetic and charge modulation coexist in new thermodynamic phases. This leads to a rich diagram of equilibrium phases, qualitatively similar to those seen experimentally. The success of this model argues for a fundamental reinterpretation of the nature of charge modulation in these materials, from a localized to a more extended 'charge-density wave' picture. The same symmetry considerations that favour textured coexistence of charge and magnetic order may apply to many electronic systems with competing phases. The resulting 'electronically soft' phases of matter with incommensurate, inhomogeneous and mixed order may be general phenomena in correlated systems.     

Giant magneto-elastic coupling in multiferroic hexagonal manganites

The motion of atoms in a solid always responds to cooling or heating in a way that is consistent with the symmetry of the given space group of the solid to which they belong. When the atoms move, the electronic structure of the solid changes, leading to different physical properties. Therefore, the determination of where atoms are and what atoms do is a cornerstone of modern solid-state physics. However, experimental observations of atomic displacements measured as a function of temperature are very rare, because those displacements are, in almost all cases, exceedingly small. Here we show, using a combination of diffraction techniques, that the hexagonal manganites RMnO3 (where R is a rare-earth element) undergo an isostructural transition with exceptionally large atomic displacements: two orders of magnitude larger than those seen in any other magnetic material, resulting in an unusually strong magneto-elastic coupling. We follow the exact atomic displacements of all the atoms in the unit cell as a function of temperature and find consistency with theoretical predictions based on group theories. We argue that this gigantic magneto-elastic coupling in RMnO3 holds the key to the recently observed magneto-electric phenomenon in this intriguing class of materials.     

Strain-induced metal-insulator phase coexistence in perovskite manganites

The coexistence of distinct metallic and insulating electronic phases within the same sample of a perovskite manganite, such as La(1-x-y)Pr(y)Ca(x)MnO3, presents researchers with a tool for tuning the electronic properties in materials. In particular, colossal magnetoresistance in these materials--the dramatic reduction of resistivity in a magnetic field--is closely related to the observed texture owing to nanometre- and micrometre-scale inhomogeneities. Despite accumulated data from various high-resolution probes, a theoretical understanding for the existence of such inhomogeneities has been lacking. Mechanisms invoked so far, usually based on electronic mechanisms and chemical disorder, have been inadequate to describe the multiscale, multiphase coexistence within a unified picture. Moreover, lattice distortions and long-range strains are known to be important in the manganites. Here we show that the texturing can be due to the intrinsic complexity of a system with strong coupling between the electronic and elastic degrees of freedom. This leads to local energetically favourable configurations and provides a natural mechanism for the self-organized inhomogeneities over both nanometre and micrometre scales. The framework provides a physical understanding of various experimental results and a basis for engineering nanoscale patterns of metallic and insulating phases.     

Microstructure analysis in colossal magnetoresitive Sr2FeMoO6 ceramics

Different ordered lattice structures are reported in Sr₂FeMoO₆ perovskite: Fe−Mo disordered B site substitution in the fundamental ABO₃ unit cell, ordered structure with Fe and Mo ions distributed according to NaCl structure type, and layered superstructure with tripoved by identifying and selecting the correct structure of Sr₂FeMoO₆ ceramics.     

各向异性磁阻传感器灵敏度在线辨识技术

提出了一种基于灵敏度在线辨识技术的灵敏度变化补偿方法,使用北京科技大学研制的各向异性磁阻传感器BKMC-21进行了实验研究.结果表明:未采用灵敏度变化补偿技术的磁场测量输出结果在磁力计通电后发生剧烈变化;磁力计输出需30min才能趋于稳定,在此期间灵敏度变化超过20%.采用灵敏度变化补偿技术的磁场测量输出结果在磁力计通电后保持平稳,磁力计输出在整个过程中灵敏度变化不超过2%.由以上实验结果可以看出,本文所提出的基于各向异性磁阻传感器灵敏度在线辨识技术的磁力计灵敏度补偿方法能有效地解决磁力计灵敏度变化问题.     

Nodal signalling in vertebrate development

Communication between cells during early embryogenesis establishes the basic organization of the vertebrate body plan. Recent work suggests that a signalling pathway centering on Nodal, a transforming growth factor beta-related signal, is responsible for many of the events that configure the vertebrate embryo. The activity of Nodal signals is regulated extracellularly by EGF-CFC cofactors and antagonists of the Lefty and Cerberus families of proteins, allowing precise control of mesoderm and endoderm formation, the positioning of the anterior-posterior axis, neural patterning and left-right axis specification.     

小世界网络中的相分离和超大磁电阻效应

由于自旋、轨道、电荷和晶格的关联作用,具有超大磁电阻效应的锰氧化物表现出自发的相分离特征和复杂网络的输运特性.小世界网络是介于规则网络与无规网络之间的一种新的网络构形,它能够很好地描述锰氧化物的相分离特征.我们运用蒙特卡罗方法研究了基于小世界网络的一维伊辛自旋链中的磁输运性质,发现小世界关联会导致自发的长程序.随着小世界长程作用的增强,铁磁相的区域扩大,同时体系的磁性相变温度升高.相应的电阻网络模拟显示,在铁磁—顺磁转变温度附近,磁电阻效应有了很大的提高,很好地解释了锰氧化物中的相分离现象与超大磁电阻效应.     

Magnetization distribution in the mixed-phase state of hole-doped manganites

The effect of 'colossal magnetoresistance' (CMR) in hole-doped manganites--an abnormal decrease of resistivity when a magnetic field is applied--has attracted significant interest from researchers in the past decade. But the underlying mechanism for the CMR phenomenon is not yet fully understood. It has become clear that a phase-separated state, where magnetic and non-magnetic phases coexist, is important, but the detailed magnetic microstructure of this mixed-phase state is so far unclear. Here we use electron microscopy to study the magnetic microstructure and development of ferromagnetic domains in the mixed-phase state of La(1-x)Sr(x)MnO3 (x = 0.54, 0.56). Our measurements show that, in the absence of a magnetic field, the magnetic flux is closed within ferromagnetic regions, indicating a negligible magnetic interaction between separated ferromagnetic domains. However, we also find that the domains start to combine with only very small changes in temperature. We propose that the delicate nature of the magnetic microstructure in the mixed-phase state of hole-doped manganites is responsible for the CMR effect, in which significant conduction paths form between the ferromagnetic domains upon application of a magnetic field.     

基于AMR磁阻传感器的车位检测装置

目前,智能停车场建设迫在眉睫,而车位检测是其实现的重要一部分.传统的车位检测方法如超声波检测、红外检测,环形线圈检测等存在易受到外界环境干扰、造价成本高,安装不方便等缺点.为此本文设计了一种基于磁阻传感器的车位检测装置,它利用磁阻传感器的将车位信息通过ZigBee网络传递到上位机平台显示.该检测装置体积小、功耗低、可靠性高、灵敏度高,安装简便.     

Relaxor ferroelectricity and colossal magnetocapacitive coupling in ferromagnetic CdCr2S4

Materials in which magnetic and electric order coexist--termed 'multiferroics' or 'magnetoelectrics'--have recently become the focus of much research. In particular, the simultaneous occurrence of ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity, combined with an intimate coupling of magnetization and polarization via magnetocapacitive effects, holds promise for new generations of electronic devices. Here we present measurements on a simple cubic spinel compound with unusual, and potentially useful, magnetic and electric properties: it shows ferromagnetic order coexisting with relaxor ferroelectricity (a ferroelectric cluster state with a smeared-out phase transition), both having sizable ordering temperatures and moments. Close to the ferromagnetic ordering temperature, the magnetocapacitive coupling (characterized by a variation of the dielectric constant in an external magnetic field) reaches colossal values, approaching 500 per cent. We attribute the relaxor properties to geometric frustration, which is well known for magnetic moments but here is found to impede long-range order of the structural degrees of freedom that drive the formation of the ferroelectric state.     

巨磁电阻锰氧化物材料的低温电阻率行为的研究

对巨磁电阻锰氧化物材料(1-x)La2/3Ca1/3MnO3/(x)YSZ(钇稳定氧化锆)—(1-x)LCMO/(x)YSZ系列样品低温下电阻率行为进行了研究.(1-x)LCMO/(x)YSZ的R-T曲线低温拟合系数的分析结果表明,在低温下电阻率行为式ρ=0ρ ATa BTb中,b=5是合理的,T5代表电子-声子散射项.     

The birth of a quasiparticle in silicon observed in time-frequency space

The concept of quasiparticles in solid-state physics is an extremely powerful tool for describing complex many-body phenomena in terms of single-particle excitations. Introducing a simple particle, such as an electron, hole or phonon, deforms a many-body system through its interactions with other particles. In this way, the added particle is 'dressed' or 'renormalized' by a self-energy cloud that describes the response of the many-body system, so forming a new entity--the quasiparticle. Using ultrafast laser techniques, it is possible to impulsively generate bare particles and observe their subsequent dressing by the many-body interactions (that is, quasiparticle formation) on the time and energy scales governed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Here we describe the coherent response of silicon to excitation with a 10-femtosecond (10(-14) s) laser pulse. The optical pulse interacts with the sample by way of the complex second-order nonlinear susceptibility to generate a force on the lattice driving coherent phonon excitation. Transforming the transient reflectivity signal into frequency-time space reveals interference effects leading to the coherent phonon generation and subsequent dressing of the phonon by electron-hole pair excitations.     

MicroRNA control of Nodal signalling

MicroRNAs are crucial modulators of gene expression, yet their involvement as effectors of growth factor signalling is largely unknown. Ligands of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily are essential for development and adult tissue homeostasis. In early Xenopus embryos, signalling by the transforming growth factor-beta ligand Nodal is crucial for the dorsal induction of the Spemann's organizer. Here we report that Xenopus laevis microRNAs miR-15 and miR-16 restrict the size of the organizer by targeting the Nodal type II receptor Acvr2a. Endogenous miR-15 and miR-16 are ventrally enriched as they are negatively regulated by the dorsal Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. These findings exemplify the relevance of microRNAs as regulators of early embryonic patterning acting at the crossroads of fundamental signalling cascades.     

节点法燃气管网平差计算方法

运用牛顿－拉夫森迭代方法作为理论依据。推导了节点燃气管网平差计算中非线性方程组的迭代公式，并运用线性化网络模型对其进一步简化。最后，给出了节点法平差计算的程序Ｎ－Ｓ图。     

图论中结点距离

文章分析了无向图中结点的距离与图的连通性、图的邻接矩阵之间的关系,并且给出了求两个结点距离的一种方法 .     

量子力学波函数中的内禀节面

揭示了在量子力学少体系统的波函数中广泛地存在着一类源于对称性的节面,即内禀节面.研究了这一类节面对量子态的几何特征和内部运动形态的影响.基于对内禀节面的认识,能深化对低激发谱的理解,能导致对存在于不同系统之间的同一性的理解.     

Internal motions of a quasiparticle governing its ultrafast nonlinear response

A charged particle modifies the structure of the surrounding medium: examples include a proton in ice, an ion in a DNA molecule, an electron at an interface, or an electron in an organic or inorganic crystal. In turn, the medium acts back on the particle. In a polar or ionic solid, a free electron distorts the crystal lattice, displacing the atoms from their equilibrium positions. The electron, when considered together with its surrounding lattice distortion, is a single quasiparticle, known as the Fr?hlich polaron. The basic properties of polarons and their drift motion in a weak electric field are well known. However, their nonlinear high-field properties--relevant for transport on nanometre length and ultrashort timescales--are not understood. Here we show that a high electric field in the terahertz range drives the polaron in a GaAs crystal into a highly nonlinear regime where, in addition to the drift motion, the electron is impulsively moved away from the centre of the surrounding lattice distortion. In this way, coherent lattice vibrations (phonons) and concomitant drift velocity oscillations are induced that persist for several hundred femtoseconds. They modulate the optical response at infrared frequencies between absorption and stimulated emission. Such quantum coherent processes directly affect high-frequency transport in nanostructures and may be exploited in novel terahertz-driven optical modulators and switches.     

Room-temperature electronic phase transitions in the continuous phase diagrams of perovskite manganites

Highly correlated electronic systems--such as transition-metal oxides that are doped Mott insulators--are complex systems which exhibit puzzling phenomena, including high-temperature superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistivity. Recent studies suggest that in such systems collective electronic phenomena are important, arising from long-range Coulomb interactions and magnetic effects. The qualitative behaviour of these systems is strongly dependent on charge filling (the level of doping) and the lattice constant. Here we report a time-efficient and systematic experimental approach for studying the phase diagrams of condensed-matter systems. It involves the continuous mapping of the physical properties of epitaxial thin films of perovskite manganites (a class of doped Mott insulator) as their composition is varied. We discover evidence that suggests the presence of phase boundaries of electronic origin at room temperature.     

一种新的改进节点分析法

本文提出一种新的改进节点分析法,它不仅保留了现有改进节点分析法的全部优点,且使方程的阶数大大降低,方程的建立也更为简便,因此是一种更为有效的节点分析法.     

关于无网格法节点布置方案的研究和探讨

无网格法是一种新的数值计算方法，节点的布置方案和节点的性态特点则是无网格法的重点，也是难点，根据敏感性分析在有限元方法和形状优化设计中的应用以及节点敏感性这一概念，利用敏感性分析理论来分析无网格法中的节点布置方案，选择相应的响应变量，计算节点的敏感性系数，得出节点敏感性系数和节点布置方案之间的关系，并且指出相应的解决办法。