人工林伐区索道集材对土壤理化性状的影响

研究了马尾松与杉木混交人工林伐区索道集材作业前后林地土壤理化性质的变化,结果表明：集材作业后除土壤体积质量和结构体破坏率指标增大外,其余土壤理化性质指标均下降,而且表层土壤(0~20 cm)所受影响较底层土壤(20~40 cm)大;集材作业导致表层土壤体积质量增大0.02 g/cm,土壤结构体破坏率提高617%,最大持水量下降3.65%,总孔隙度减小1.98%;同时表层土壤的有机质、全N、水解性N、全P、速效P、全K、速效K等指标的含量分别下降1.34 g/kg、0.04 g/kg、6.46 mg/kg、0.01 g/kg、0.04 mg/kg、1.01 g/kg和11.00 mg/kg。分析了集材作业造成土壤理化性质变化的原因,并从森林生态采运角度出发,提出减少索道集材作业对林地土壤破坏的技术措施。     

高速公路沿线土壤黑碳含量特征

随着高速公路的建设和机动车辆的持续增长,高速公路对周边环境的影响越来越大 。以南京禄口机场高速公路沿线为研究对象,调查分析了距公路不同距离林地和荒地土壤的黑碳含量。结果表明:黑碳的集中扩散范围主要在高 速公路沿线50m内;林地和荒地土壤黑碳含量都表现为表层(0～10cm)的值高于表下层(10～30cm)的值,土壤黑碳主要集中在0～10cm的表层土中; 在10m处林地土壤的黑碳含量高于荒地的值,20、50m处土壤黑碳含量都是荒地的高于林地的值,林带对黑碳的扩散有一定的屏蔽吸收效果,可以减 少汽车尾气排放的黑碳对周围环境的影响范围。     

成都经济区土壤及经济植物硒含量特征

对四川省成都经济区内3种代表性土壤生长的水稻、小麦、玉米及其根系土进行了硒含量的采样分析.根据成土母质的不同,布置45个不同类型土壤的垂直剖面,采集不同深度(0～200 cm)的土壤样品267件.对土壤样品和农作物样品分别以原子荧光法和等离子体质谱法进行了全硒质量分数分析.结果表明:根系土(0～20 cm)硒的质量分数为(0.055～19.76)×10-6,平均值为0.34×10-6,高于全国表层土壤硒的质量分数平均值(0.246×10-6).各种土壤类型中硒均有在表层(0～20 cm)土壤中富集的特征.由于成土母质的不同,表层土壤硒质量分数有较大差异:黄壤分布区各类作物根系土硒质量分数平均值最高,其次是水稻土,紫色土最低.根据谭见安等硒生态景观界限值的划分,研究区内主要粮食作物的根系土样品中49.7%属于硒含量适中的,富硒土壤占20.7%;硒不足或者潜在不足的土壤占29.4%.农作物籽实样品中的硒质量分数分析表明:大米样品中有19.9%属于富硒大米,小麦样品中有29.8%属于富硒小麦;但同时存在硒缺乏或潜在缺乏的样品,玉米样品中90%以上缺硒或潜在缺硒.     

木材在滑道水平曲线段的运动规律研究

探讨木材在滑道水平曲线段的运动规律以及滑道模断面布置形式。为林区集材滑道的设计和架设选线提供了理论依据。     

汽车运材对人工林伐区林地土壤的影响

对杉阔混交人工林伐区汽车运材作业前后林地土壤理化性质变化进行了试验研究和定量分析。结果表明:运材后除土壤体积质量和结构体破坏率指标增大外,其余土壤理化性质指标均下降,而且表层土壤(0～20cm)所受影响较底层土壤(20～40cm)大;运材导致表层土壤体积质量增大050g/cm3,土壤结构体破坏率提高1882%,最大持水量下降1578%,总孔隙度减小670%;同时表层土壤有机质、全N、水解性N、全P、速效P、全K、速效K等指标含量分别下降2354g/kg、053g/kg、2652mg/kg、050g/kg、1176mg/kg、057g/kg和1319mg/kg. 此外,对运材作业造成土壤理化性质变化的原因进行了分析,并从森林生态采运角度出发,提出减少运材作业对林地土壤破坏的技术措施。     

鸟王茶产地土壤微量元素有效态特征及影响因素研究

本文研究了贵州省鸟王茶产地土壤微量元素有效态含量及其影响因素.结果表明:该地区野生茶园土壤有效态锌、铜、锰、铁含量显著或极显著高于人工茶园.表层(0～20cm)与其下层(20～40cm)土壤微量元素有效含量在0.01水平下差异性达到极显著.土壤pH与土壤有效态锌、铜、铁呈负相关性,表明土壤pH影响土壤微量元素有效含量;...     

不同林地清理方式下生物炭和氮添加对桉树红锥混交林土壤养分的影响

【目的】阐明不同林地清理方式下(火烧清理和人工清理)生物炭和氮添加对桉树红锥混交林土壤养分的影响,为人工林的经营管理提供参考。【方法】在火烧清理和人工清理林地的桉树红锥混交林中,设置生物炭和氮添加的控制实验,研究生物炭和氮添加对土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、有效磷(AP)和有效钾(AK)含量的影响。【结果】不同林地清理方式下,生物炭和氮添加对林地土壤养分的影响存在差异:与对照相比,人工清理林地时,添加生物炭显著增加了20～40cm土层的AP含量;氮添加极显著增加了0～10cm土层的SOC、TP、AP含量和C∶N;10～20cm土层的SOC、AK含量,20～40cm土层的AP和AK含量也显著增加;而0～10cm土层的N∶P则极显著降低。林地清理方式为火烧清理时,生物炭添加极显著增加0～10cm土层的TP含量,而0～10cm、10～20cm土层的SOC和AK含量,0～10cm土层的C∶N,10～20cm的AP∶TP、C∶P以及0～10cm、10～20cm、20～40cm土层的AK∶TK显著降低,0～10cm土层的AP含量、AP∶TP、C∶P和N∶P更是极显著降低。氮添加显著降低10～20cm土层的N∶P以及0～10cm土层的AP∶TP,0～10cm土层的AP含量以及10～20cm的TN含量下降达到极显著水平。【结论】人工清理林地条件下,实施生物炭和氮添加有利于提高桉树红锥混交林的土壤养分。     

川西北高寒草甸土壤养分和微生物群落功能多样性对模拟增温的响应

采用开顶式气室法(OTCs)进行模拟增温,利用常规实验室分析方法和Biolog-ECO生态板法对增温后不同土层(0～10 cm和10～20 cm)高寒草甸土壤养分以及微生物功能多样性进行分析,结果表明:1)增温后0～10 cm土层土壤有机质(SOM)和速效氮(AN)含量减少,速效磷(AP)与速效钾(AK)含量增加,10～20 cm土层的有机质和全氮(TN)含量增加; 2)模拟增温降低了土壤微生物Shannon-Weiner指数与Pielou指数; 3) AWCD值表明模拟增温后土壤微生物总体活性高于对照,且0～10 cm 10～20 cm; 4)主成分分析表明碳水化合物(CAR)是土壤微生物选择利用的主要碳源类型之一; 5)土壤养分与6类碳源的相关性分析表明碳水化合物、羧酸(CAA)、酚酸(PHA)类碳源与土壤养分均存在显著或极显著相关性.     

秸秆还田配施化肥对硝态氮垂直迁移的影响

采用室内模拟原状土柱的方法,研究秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤硝态氮的淋溶迁移的影响。结果表明,硝态氮易淋洗到80 cm土层以下,在表层0～20 cm迁移强烈,主要累积在50～80 cm土层。秸秆还田＋优化施肥氮磷钾均减20％（SDF）处理对硝态氮淋溶的影响不明显,秸秆还田＋优化施肥（S F ）处理对硝态氮向土壤下层迁移具有一定的抑制作用。     

三峡库区森林土壤有机碳空间分布模型的建立

森林土壤有机碳(SOC)深度分布模式影响其稳定性,一般下层SOC较上层稳定。笔者选取三峡库区秭归县马尾松林地、退耕林地、针阔混交林地等3类森林类型的黄壤、黄棕壤、石灰土、紫色土等4类土壤类型共12种组合,通过典型地段取样法构建研究区SOC密度的深度分布模型,确立模型参数与土壤性质的回归关系,确定土壤传递函数(PTFs)方程式。结果表明:森林类型仅在土壤表层影响SOC密度,土壤类型对SOC密度影响不显著,土壤质地对各深度层SOC密度影响显著; 黏土表层SOC密度比砂质土高,SOC密度随深度下降的速率受土壤质地和森林类型的影响,黏土SOC下降速率高于砂质土; 通过森林类型和土壤质地信息,构建的模型可以预测SOC深度分布模式; 运用构建的模型估算出三峡库区黑沟小流域30 cm土层内SOC储量约为(5 290.32±74.85)t,0～100 cm土层SOC储量约为(8 280.87±120.98)t,0～30 cm土层SOC储量约占整个剖面层的63.89%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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Brief Introduction to “Journal of Jilin University( Science Edition) ”

<正>"Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)"is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was"Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University",which was changed into"Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis"in 1958 owing to the name change of the university.The present journal name has