Development and pathologies of the arterial wall

Arteries consist of an inner single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by layers of smooth muscle and an outer adventitia. The majority of vascular developmental studies focus on the construction of endothelial networks through the process of angiogenesis. Although many devastating vascular diseases involve abnormalities in components of the smooth muscle and adventitia (i.e., the vascular wall), the morphogenesis of these layers has received relatively less attention. Here, we briefly review key elements underlying endothelial layer formation and then focus on vascular wall development, specifically on smooth muscle cell origins and differentiation, patterning of the vascular wall, and the role of extracellular matrix and adventitial progenitor cells. Finally, we discuss select human diseases characterized by marked vascular wall abnormalities. We propose that continuing to apply approaches from developmental biology to the study of vascular disease will stimulate important advancements in elucidating disease mechanism and devising novel therapeutic strategies.     

Regional variation in copper content of arterial wall

Résumé La teneur en cuivre dans l'aorte et les artères pulmonaire, rénale, illiaque et carotide a été déterminée. Une corrélation inverse entre le degré d'athérosclérose et celui du cuivre a été observée. La cause de ce phénomène reste à ètre établie.     

Histochemical identification of monoamine in the arterial wall

Zusammenfassung Mittels histochemischer Fluoreszenzmethode wurden Monoamine in der Wand der A. femoralis der Ratten untersucht. Nach Noradrenalinzufuhr und Hemmung der Monoamineoxydase und Katechol-o-methyltransferaso mit Pyrogalol und Marsilid zeigten sich die adrenergischen terminalen Nervenfasern an der Oberfläche der Media unscharf vergrössert und die ganze Arterienwand samt Media diffus mit Monoamin durchsetzt.     

The constituents of arterial pressure change

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung der relativen Grössen, der jede Blutdruckveränderung beeinflussenden beiden Teilprozesse (Minutenvolumen- und Widerstandsänderung) mitgeteilt.     

Effect of arterial oxygen tension on cerebral blood flow at different levels of arterial PCO2

Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung des arteriellen O₂-Partialdruckes auf die Durchblutung des Grosshirns, Kleinhirns und Hirnstammes bei normalen und erhöhten CO₂-Partialdrucken im arteriellen Blut wird an der anaesthesierten Katze untersucht. Die Wirkung des PaO₂ ist von der Höhe des PaCO₂ abhängig.     

Effect of prednisone on the noradrenaline-induced cell proliferation in the arterial wall

Riassunto Si è studiata la morfologia e la proliferazione cellulare che si instaura nella media dell'aorta e dell'arteria polmonare di conigli sottoposti a trattamento con noradrenalina e con noradrenalina-prednisone facendo uso del metodo autoradiografico dopo somministrazione di³H timidina. Le lesioni e la proliferazione della muscolatura della media che si attuano in seguito a somministrazione di noradrenalina vengono sensibilmente aggravate dal trattamento contemporaneo con prednisone.

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This work was supported by grant No. 71.00179 04-115.1139 of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma.     

Cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2: Modulation by arterial pressure

Summary Cerebrovascular reactivity to CO₂ (CO₂R), measured in halothane-anesthetized rabbits, decreased as arterial pressure was increased either pharmacologically or mechanically. On the other hand, hypotension, induced by bleeding, led to an increase in CO₂R. These responses were unaffected by denervation of baroreceptors.This work was supported by grants from NIH (HL 17903) and American Heart Association — Greater Los Angeles Affiliate (437IG). To whom requests for reprints should be sent.     

Cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2: modulation by arterial pressure

Cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 (CO2R), measured in halothane-anesthetized rabbits, decreased as arterial pressure was increased either pharmacologically or mechanically. On the other hand, hypotension, induced by bleeding, led to an increase in CO2R. These responses were unaffected by denervation of baroreceptors.     

Effect of sudden reductions of the arterial blood pressure on the mean diastolic coronary resistance

Summary At the beginning of a 10 sec arterial haemorrhage, vascular elasticity induces an increase of mean diastolic coronary resistance. Then, the increase is counteracted by the relaxation of the vascular musculature, which causes a coronary hyperaemia when, after the haemorrhage is arrested, the vascular wall is stretched by a sudden though slight increase of blood pressure.Acknowledgment. The authors wish to thank Mr Rodolfo Dalla Valle for his technical assistance.     

Intravital measurement of arteriolar pressure and tangential wall stress in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (established hypertension)

Summary Under intravital conditions, intravascular pressures of mesenteric resistance vessels were measured in normotensive (NR, mean blood pressure 92 mm Hg) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, 161 mm Hg) being elevated over all by about 75%; the tangential wall stress (=p·r/h; p represents the intravascular pressure and r/h the ratio of internal radius to wall thickness) was found to be increased by 120–140% in SHR.Supported by the DFG.     

Effects ofl-dopa alone and in combination with dopa decarboxylase inhibitors on the arterial pressure and heart rate of dogs

Zusammenfassung Nach Vorbehandlung mitl-HMD (peripherer Hemmer der Dopa-Dekarboxylase) wird mitl-Dopa (25 und 50 mg/kg i.v.) Blutdruck und Herzfrequenz herabgesetzt.     

General exponential smoothing and the equivalent arma process

Although the basic principles of exponential smoothing and discounted least squares are easily understood, the full power of the technique is only rarely exploited. The reason for this failure lies in the complexity of the standard procedures. Often they require fairly complex mathematical models and use a variety of cumbersome algebraic manipulations. An alternative formulation for exponential smoothing is presented. It simplifies these procedures and allows an easier use of the full range of models. This new formulation is obtained by considering the relationship between general exponential smoothing (GES) and the well-known ARMA process of Box and Jenkins. The three commonest seasonal models have only recently been considered for GES systems. They are discussed in some detail here. The computational requirements of the GES and equivalent ARMA procedures are reviewed and some recommendations for their application are made. The initialization of GES forecasting systems and the important problem of model selection is also discussed. A brief illustrative example is given.     

Interrelationship between mean arterial blood pressure,blood flow,and vascular resistance in solid tumor tissue of DS-carcinosarcoma

Zusammenfassung In vivo-Untersuchungen der Tumordurchblutung an Implantationstumoren eines DS-Carcinosarkoms in der Rattenniere zeigen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der Durchblutungsgrösse vom Tumorgewicht. Bei Variation des arteriellen Mitteldrucks zwischen 40 und 135 mm Hg steigt die Durchblutung der einzelnen Tumoren linear mit zunehmendem Perfusionsdruck an. Eine zunehmende Rarefizierung der terminalen Strombahn mit ansteigendem Tumorgewicht wird belegt durch eine starke Zunahme des Strömungswiderstandes, der schon bei sehr jungen Tumoren wesentlich höhere Werte als bei verschiedenen Organen aufweist.

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Supported by the Landesversicherungsanstalt Rheinland-Pfalz, Speyer/Rh.     

Intracerebroventricular angiotensin II increases arterial blood pressure in rhesus monkeys by stimulation of pituitary hormones and the sympathetic nervous system

Summary Intracerebroventricular injections of angiotensin II in anesthetized rhesus monkeys increase systemic blood pressure and heart rate. These effects are accompanied by an increase in plasma ADH, cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline. Angiotensin II may participate in central mechanisms of blood pressure regulation by its stimulatory effect on the sympathetic nervous system, on ADH and on ACTH release in primates.