双乙酸钠的醋酸钠-醋酸法合成研究

以醋酸和三水醋酸钠为原料,在无溶剂的条件下制备双乙酸钠,系统地研究了原料配比、反应时间和水含量等因素对产品质量及收率的影响;得到的优化工艺条件如下:n(醋酸)∶n(醋酸钠)=1.1∶1,反应时间为30 min,水的质量分数为10%,产物收率为96%以上,产品质量达到美国食品级标准。     

氯化锡催化合成苯甲酸乙酯的研究

以苯甲酸和无水乙醇为原料,采用氯化锡(SnCl4·5H2O)作催化剂合成苯甲酸乙酯,考察了催化剂用量、原料配比和反应时间等因素对反应产率的影响.确定了氯化锡作为催化剂的最佳反应条件:n苯甲酸∶n无水乙醇∶n氯化锡=1∶4∶0.01;反应温度为88℃;反应时间为60min;转化率(以苯甲酸计)可达93.5%.     

双乙酸钠的发展前景

双乙酸钠是一种食品、饲料等的高效防霉、防腐剂,既可用于食物防腐保鲜,防止谷物霉变,也可用于饲料储存防霉,并可提高饲料营养价值.此外,还可作为电镀添加剂、染料固色剂和食品酸味剂等.目前较常用的防腐剂有苯甲酸及其盐类、山梨酸及其盐类、对羧基苯甲酸酯类和丙酸的钠盐、钙盐等,但双乙酸钠与之相比,非但价格低、效果好、毒性小,而且还有独特的增加营养价值的功效.据介绍食用了含有双乙酸钠饲料的奶牛和肉牛,其乳量和重量均各增加15%左右.在含水量为21%～32%的谷物中加入0.8%的双乙酸钠,其保存期由3个月增加到7个月.在面包中添加0.2%的双乙酸钠,可延长保存期,而不改变它的风味.因此开发双乙酸钠必将产生较大经济效益及社会效益.一、双乙酸钠的理化性质双乙酸钠的外观为白色结晶粉末、略有酸味,分子式为CH_3COONa·CH_3COOH·XH_2O,是国家批准使用的14种食品饲料防腐剂之一.双乙酸钠作为饲料防霉剂具有以下特征:1.该产品属有机酸类,将其加入饲料中能制止霉菌孢子滋长,能有效地防止粮食和饲料的霉烂变质.2.与我国目前常用的防霉剂比较,双乙酸钠价格低,效果好,毒性小,使用安全方便,特别是它对皮肤没有强烈刺激性,所以深受操作工人欢迎.3.双乙酸钠与其它防霉剂比较还具有生产技术简单,设备投资小,原     

微波辐射SnCl_4/C催化对羟基苯甲酸乙酯的合成与表征

在微波辐射条件下,以对羟基苯甲酸与乙醇为原料,SnCl4/C为异相催化剂,高效、绿色地合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯.分别研究催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度、微波辐射功率等对收率的影响,并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1 H NMR)和质谱(MS)确定产物的结构.结果表明:合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯最佳条件为n(对羟基苯甲酸)∶n(乙醇)=1∶4,反应时间为25min,催化剂的质量分数为10%,反应温度为120℃,微波辐射功率为640W,产品收率为95%;SnCl4/C催化剂循环使用4次后,仍然显示出良好的催化活性,产率可达89%.     

间接电合成对溴苯甲酸的研究

在高剪切混合乳化机搅拌下,采用Cr2O72-/Cr3 作媒质间接电合成对溴苯甲酸.槽外反应的优选条件:原料配比n(Cr2O72-)∶n(p BrC6H4CH3)=1∶3,c(H2SO4)为7.0mol/L,反应温度120℃,反应时间45min,对溴苯甲酸反应收率81.28%,纯度99.71%.     

基于均匀设计的生物柴油最优制备工艺参数研究

以均匀设计法安排试验,对大豆油在酯交换反应下制备生物柴油的工艺进行了研究.为获得最优制备工艺参数,考查了n(醇)∶n(油)(3∶1～8∶1)、催化剂质量分数(0.4%～1.4%)、反应温度为(45～70℃)、反应时间(40～140min)及其交互作用对生物柴油产率和原料转化率的影响.结果表明:n(醇)∶n(油)、催化剂用量可显著地影响生物柴油的产率和原料转化率.同时甲醇与反应温度、催化剂与反应时间之间存在对抗效应,而甲醇与反应时间、催化剂与反应温度、反应温度与反应时间之间则存在协同作用.利用回归分析和BP神经网络,确定最优工艺参数为:n(醇)∶n(油)=6∶1;催化剂质量分数1.0%;反应温度45℃;反应时间30min.经液相色谱仪测定,生物柴油产率高达97.6%.     

一步法合成双乙酸钠工艺研究

研究了以冰醋酸和氢氧化钠为原料合成新型防腐剂双乙酸钠的反应条件,结论是:n(醋酸)∶n(氢氧化钠)=2.04-2.08,反应温度是100℃-120℃,蒸发温度是130℃-138℃,反应时间3h,双乙酸钠的产率为95.1%,产品质量达到FAO/WHO标准.馏出液可用作食用醋,达到了无废品排放的要求.     

高性能聚羧酸减水剂的常温制备与结构表征

以2-甲基烯丙基聚氧乙烯醚(HPEG)和丙烯酸(AA)为单体、H_2O_2/抗坏血酸(H_2O_2/VC)为引发体系、巯基乙酸(TGA)为链转移剂合成聚羧酸减水剂。通过正交试验研究6个因素对减水剂分散性能及保持性的影响,并通过单因素研究修正,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振氢谱(~1H-NMR)对减水剂进行结构分析,利用凝胶色谱(GPC)测得合成减水剂分子量。结果表明:最佳工艺为在常温下(15～35℃),n(HPEG)∶n(AA)∶n(H_2O_2)∶n(VC)∶n(TGA)=1∶4. 2∶0. 40∶0. 015∶0. 10,物料滴加时间2 h,然后再反应2 h。减水剂数均分子量为44 167,分子结构的侧链聚合度为54. 66,主链聚合度为15. 89,接枝密度为23. 81%。在折固掺量为0. 15%时,水泥初始净浆流动度为285 mm,1 h后水泥净浆流动度为273 mm,净浆初凝时间由180 min缩短至170 min,终凝时间由260 min缩短至240 min,胶砂减水率达33. 4%,表明所合成聚羧酸减水剂分散性能优异。     

MgCoAl类水滑石的合成、表征及催化性能研究

采用共沉淀法合成了不同摩尔比的MgCoAl类水滑石,应用XRD、IR 手段进行表征,考察了它们在苯甲醛氧化成苯甲酸反应中的催化活性.研究表明,MgCoAl类水滑石具有很高的催化活性,在温度60℃时,当V(苯甲醛)∶V(乙酸)＝3∶9,催化剂n(Mg2+)∶n(Co2+)∶n(Al3+)=0.4∶1.6∶1.0的用量为0.1 g时,反应60 min,苯甲醛的转化率近100%,苯甲酸的选择性为100%.     

桅子中桅子甙的高效液相色谱分析

立了一种测定栀子中的栀子甙含量的高效液相色谱分析方法 .在Kromasil-C18(4 .6mm× 2 5 0mm ,5 μm)柱上进行分析 ,流动相为水 -甲醇 -醋酸 (80∶2 0∶0 .1,V V) ,流速为 0 .8mL min ,紫外检测波长为 2 4 0nm ,0 .0 2AUFS ,栀子甙的平均回收率为 99.35 %,相对标准偏差RSD为 1.2 8(n =6) ,这种方法测定栀子甙准确 ,快捷 ,简单 .     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with