碳酸盐岩储层的地球物理预测方法

针对碳酸盐岩储层横向变化大、非均质性强、成藏条件复杂的特点,分析碳酸盐岩风化壳储层、缝洞型储层、碳酸盐岩裂缝的地球物理响应特征,并预测碳酸盐岩储层及裂缝,指导碳酸盐岩油气藏的勘探。     

塔中地区中-下奥陶统古构造应力场模拟与裂缝储层有利区预测

依据塔中地区地震资料解释的断裂体系、中-下奥陶统顶底界面古构造图和40多口井裂缝特征统计等成果,在对塔中地区中-下奥陶统碳酸盐岩声发射地应力测量、岩石力学参数和单轴抗拉强度测试的基础上,考虑断裂对裂缝形成的影响,采用三维有限元法对塔中地区中-下奥陶统加里东中期裂缝形成期的古构造应力场进行模拟.结果表明:裂缝形成期地应力的最大主应力有效值为51.8～62.4 MPa,平均值为57.0 MPa,抗张强度为4.13～8.02 MPa,平均值为5.75 MPa;有效张应力高值区是构造裂缝储层发育的有利区和较有利区,主要分布在大的断裂带交汇处和断裂带的部分区段内,与实际钻井统计的中-下奥陶统裂缝线密度和油气井分布区基本吻合,可以为研究区的油气勘探提供新的地质依据.     

珠江口盆地潜山储层地质力学及压裂参数优化研究

珠江口盆地珠一坳陷惠州27-1井区作为潜山油气储层，压裂层段厚度大、层数多、非均质性强、压裂改造难度大，对于人工裂缝的在潜山储层中的拓展延伸规律认识困难。针对此问题，首先建立动态参数测井解释模型，并与静态岩石力学数据协同校正，建立一维岩石力学剖面；结合深部成岩理论，建立三维地质力学模型，真实模拟研究区块成岩环境；最后基于三维地质力学模型，研究排量、液量、砂比、前置液占比、射孔层位厚度等参数对裂缝纵向和平面延伸规律的影响，优化压裂设计。结果表明，惠州27-1区块，杨氏模量平均值为45.47GPa，最大水平主应力平均值为100.91MPa，最小水平主应力平均值为80.98MPa，泊松比平均值为0.30。排量6-7(m3·min-1)、液量600-700m3、砂比10-15%、前置液比例50%-60%、射孔厚度8-11m为最优施工参数，为现场施工提供指导意见。     

超深层走滑断裂带应力场模拟及其开发意义: 以顺北5号断裂带南段为例

为了分析顺北5号断裂带南段应力场平面分布及其开发意义,选取一间房组为研究对象,在岩石力学实验基础上,通过ANSYS软件进行应力场数值模拟,结合地应力驱油理论,对应力场进行了平面分布预测。结果表明：顺北地区一间房组地应力受断裂带控制,最大水平主应力方向为北东-南西向为主,断裂带周围地应力方向变化快,断裂带内最大主应力方向趋向于与断层走向向平行。地应力分布与流体势分布具有一致性,断裂带对应低流体势分布区,为油气有利聚集带。结合一间房组储层发育类型,井轨优化方位根据储层的差异而变化,天然裂缝性储层、基质低渗透性薄储层油气藏水平井的钻井方位应平行于最小主应力方位,基质低渗透性厚储层水平井的钻井方位应与最大主应力方向平行。     

鄂尔多斯盆地现今地应力测量及其在油气开发中的应用

油气田开发中实施水力压裂措施、部署和优化注采井网必须考虑现今地应力方向、大小及其分布规律.通过岩石声发射法、钻孔井臂崩落法、古地磁定向岩石差应变法以及岩石压缩等实验方法,测定了鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡区现今主应力大小和方向,并以吴旗探区为例,讨论了现今地应力在油气开发中的初步应用.认为伊陕斜坡区不同深度砂岩的现今最大水平主应力(δ1)值介于20.3～60.01MPa之间,与深度线性相关性好,相关系数=0.952;现今最大水平主应力方向为NE-NEE-近EW向,由盆地西南(西)向东北(东)方向逐步偏转变大.在现今应力状态下,吴旗探区中生界延长组长6储层NNE-NEE向裂缝系统在水力压裂过程中将首先启动张开并连通,最先形成有效主渗流通道,随着外界流体压力逐步增大,NW及NWW向裂缝系统可成为次级渗流通道;同时认为长61储层人工裂缝扩展方位约为NE-SW向,压裂缝为沿最大水平主应力方向延伸的垂直裂缝,且井孔相对稳定.     

基于测井资料定量表征页岩储层非均质性

为了解决页岩储层非均质性影响因素多以及难以综合定量表征页岩储层非均质性的问题,基于洛伦兹曲线理论计算页岩宏观非均质性的总有机碳含量、微观非均质性的矿物组分和有效孔隙度以及岩石力学参数非均质性的杨氏模量和泊松比等影响因素的洛伦兹系数,结合运用层次分析法确定影响因素权重,建立综合定量表征页岩储层非均质性方法。研究表明:该方法表征结果与预测布缝方式和压裂施工曲线吻合较好。该方法为页岩储层非均质性表征提供了一种思路,同时对威远地区压前预测和压后评价具有一定参考价值。     

高尚堡油田深层油藏南区现今地应力场预测及应用

通过结合"岩心测试-测井计算-地震属性",构建高尚堡油田深层油藏南区(简称高深南区)三维非均质岩石力学场,并采用地质模型与有限元模型的无缝焊接技术,对高深南区现今地应力的三维空间分布进行研究,提出压裂优势区和压裂优势井段优选的建议。结果表明:高深南区最大水平主应力方向总体为NE-NEE向,地应力数值变化范围大,呈西低东高的分布趋势,并满足垂向主应力最大水平主应力最小水平主应力(SVSHmaxShmin),且Shmin为挤压应力,属于Ia类地应力状态;断层是影响高深南区应力场分布的最主要因素,造成地应力数值和方向在断层附近表现出显著异常,岩石力学参数是引起断块内地应力场差异的重要原因,主要影响地应力的数值,埋深与地应力数值呈较高的线性关系;高深南区部分井的油层段具备较低水平应力差的条件,是形成复杂缝网条件的压裂优势区;地质模型与有限元模型的无缝焊接技术发挥了Petrel软件与Ansys软件的优势,还原了目标区块形态,精细刻画了断层,体现了储层的非均质性,提高了预测精度,为类似复杂断块区地应力精细预测提供了参考,为低渗油藏高效开发提供了理论依据。     

华庆探区长63储层破裂压力及裂缝开启压力估测与开发建议

根据露头地层、钻井岩心及薄片等实物资料,结合古地磁岩心定向,对长63储层构造裂缝几何学等特征参数进行定量观测.结合储层现今应力状态数值模拟成果和岩石力学属性,对长63储层不同方向天然裂缝重新开启压力及储层破裂压力进行估算;预测储层裂缝开启压力和地层破裂压力分布,提出合理有效的注水压力范围.研究结果表明:长63储层破裂压力主要介于49.50～57.50 MPa之间,合理注水压力应控制在54.0 MPa以下,使得与现今最大水平主应力方向夹角小于40°的天然裂缝易开启,能有效地改善低渗储层渗流能力,提高石油高采收率.     

塔河油田6-7区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层裂缝建模

裂缝作为碳酸盐岩油气藏的主要连通通道,也可以作为有效的储集空间;但裂缝发育情况复杂,具有很强的非均质性,准确地描述储层中裂缝的分布,直接关系到油藏的开发效果。针对塔河油田6-7区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层裂缝空间分布特征和展布规律十分复杂的特点,综合地质、钻井、测井、地震等多方面资料,在岩心观察描述、成像测井分析的基础上,从地质成因出发,以地质力学为理论指导,建立了研究区离散裂缝网络模型。建模结果显示,裂缝的平面及纵向展布规律与地质认识相符,实现了从断裂刻画到裂缝预测的重要突破。     

基于PHF-LSM-MT的非均质岩石细观界面与水力压裂数值建模

基于PHF(permeability-based hydraulic fracture)模型，采用水平集方法(level set method，LSM)描述材料边界分布，并用多尺度方法MT模型，对材料有效参数进行均匀化，建立适用于考虑非均质岩石材料细观界面特征分布与水力裂缝动态发展过程的PHF-LSM-MT数值计算模型.该模型解决了已有PHF-LSM模型无法精确描述积分点作用范围内细观尺度材料分布特征的问题.通过比较包裹体几何分布和体积分数影响下的有效弹性参数，验证了采用MT模型均匀化细观特征的可行性;在此基础上，对非均质岩石水力裂缝发展过程进行研究，得到了考虑细观界面特征情况下的裂缝发展过程，探讨了等效开裂区域影响范围内关键位置的水压力变化特征和应力路径发展过程.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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