鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界页岩气勘探潜力分析

以北美页岩气勘探开发研究经验为基础,对鄂尔多斯盆地东部页岩气资源进行了评价,研究了石炭—二叠系页岩气的成藏条件和页岩气的资源潜力.认为石炭—二叠系烃源岩以暗色泥页岩为主,有机质丰富,厚度稳定,分布面积较大,成熟度较高,为页岩气藏的形成提供了良好的地质条件.     

松辽盆地北部青山口组页岩气资源潜力浅析

北美地区成功勘探开发非常规资源的实践揭示,页岩气是近年来发展最快、潜力最大的非常规能源。松辽盆地北部页岩气的勘探还处于起步阶段,需要从北美地区借鉴成功经验,本文在总结页岩气成功探区成藏条件的基础上,分析松辽盆地青山口组页岩气的成藏条件。研究表明：松辽盆地青山口组在泥页岩发育规模、沉积环境等多个方面与国外具有广泛的相似性,具备多方面的有利成藏要素：稳定的长期还原沉积环境;广泛分布的厚层泥页岩;发育丰度高、类型好、高成熟度的优质气源岩;合适的埋藏深度。尽管松辽盆地陆相泥页岩与国外海相泥页岩在发育的构造背景、沉积体系、岩性发育等多个方面还存在较大的差距,不能像北美地区一样形成大规模的页岩气藏,但是在中央凹陷局部地区仍可找到页岩气的勘探甜点区。     

台北凹陷侏罗系含油气系统天然气序列性研究

吐哈盆地台北凹陷侏罗系含油气系统常规天然气、致密砂岩气和页岩气资源丰富。通过对吐哈盆地台北凹陷 侏罗系地质条件的分析研究,指明在侏罗系含油气系统内页岩气、致密砂岩气和常规天然气在空间展布和储层特征等 方面的序列性特征。结合该区的勘探开发实践,总结出：在同一个含油气系统的前提下,页岩气、致密砂岩气和常规天 然气具有共生性强的特点,认为它们是先后经历了源岩内滞留、初次运移、二次运移和成藏聚集等过程,分别在泥页 岩、致密砂岩和常规储层中形成的不同类型的天然气聚集。并归纳出他们在运移阶段、成藏时间、空间分布、含气特 点、开发技术、产量储量特征和勘探开发阶段等方面序列性特点。最终认为在同一含油气系统中只要具备合适的地质 条件,在一种类型天然气发现后,通过“顺藤摸瓜”的方法来寻找其他类型天然气是一种新的勘探思路。     

中上扬子地区下古生界海相页岩气储层特征及勘探潜力

中上扬子地区下古生界海相地层中发育多套富有机质泥(页)岩,成为中国南方页岩气勘探开发的重点地区。作者在对油气藏成因类型进行划分的基础上,认为该类泥(页)岩油气藏属于源岩油气藏的一种。按照控制源岩型气藏分布的主要地质参数,分析了中上扬子地区下寒武统筇竹寺组/牛蹄塘组和下志留统龙马溪组2套富有机质页岩储层的有机碳含量、有机碳质量分数>2%的页岩层厚度及Ro分布特征。通过分析认为这2套地层有机质丰度高、热演化程度高、分布广泛,具备页岩气赋存的基本地质条件。根据这2套页岩气储层分布特征,确定筇竹寺组/牛蹄塘组泥(页)岩气藏有利勘探区块在川南、鄂西和黔北地区;龙马溪组泥(页)岩气藏勘探有利区块分布在川南-滇北区块、川东-鄂西区块和川北区块。     

沧东凹陷沙河街组低熟烃源岩生烃特征

通过对前期勘探历程了解,认识到沧东凹陷沙河街组烃源岩可能形成低熟油气,但对于沙河街组浅凹陷的烃源岩未开展过全面的研究。因此,主要针对沧东凹陷沙河街组烃源岩分布、有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化特征和生排烃特征,开展低熟泥页岩油气生成综合研究。研究表明沧东凹陷沙河街组烃源岩虽然埋藏偏浅,演化程度低,但分布范围广、厚度大、有机质丰度高、类型好,从生排烃模拟实验和热演化等方面看,具备形成未熟-低熟油气的能力。     

四川盆地页岩气藏和连续型-非连续型气藏基本特征

四川盆地是一个多旋回叠合盆地,发育了两套海相优质烃源岩(下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩,下志留统龙马溪组页岩),其有机质成熟度高(R_o=1.5%～6%),绝大多数地区普遍不利于页岩气藏的形成;另发育两套海陆过渡相(上二叠统龙潭组和上三叠统须家河组)优质烃源岩,其成熟度相对较低(R_o=0.7%～3%),在川西南-川南地区具有较有利的页岩气勘探前景.四川盆地页岩烃源岩排烃效率高, 为大规模油气藏提供了烃源;多存在晚期快速隆升调整过程, 为吸附气的解吸创造了条件.页岩气藏经历了早期地质条件优越、生物气高效成藏,中期深埋地腹、原油裂解气快速成藏,晚期快速隆升、脱溶气和解吸气调整成藏等过程.四川叠合盆地油气藏具有多样性特征, 发育了从非连续型到连续型完整序列的油气藏类型.典型的非连续型气藏主要是指构造圈闭(以及部分构造-岩性圈闭)气藏,其圈闭相对独立,非连续分布, 储集空间类型以孔隙型为主.震旦系威远气田、川东石炭系气田群及川东北下三叠统飞仙关组气藏群等具有相对典型的非连续型气藏特征.非连续型-连续型过渡气藏介于连续型气藏与非连续型气藏之间,呈分散状或连续状分布, 圈闭类型多以复合圈闭为主,可发育有裂缝圈闭(川东南二叠系阳新统气藏)及岩性圈闭(上三叠统须家河组气藏).储集空间以裂缝型或次生溶孔为主,非均质性强,普遍存在异常高压.四川盆地连续型气藏应以页岩气藏为主, 但现今未有成功勘探开发页岩气藏的实例.四川叠合盆地具有多旋回构造-沉积演化、优质烃源岩分布的区域性、储层的非均质性和天然气的活动性,及油气成藏经历了生物气、吸附气、裂解气、脱溶气和解吸气演替等多样性特征.因此,四川盆地的油气勘探和研究应形成常规与非常规、连续型与非连续型、原生与次生油气藏的立体勘探和研究局面, 尤其应加强非连续型-连续型过渡油气藏特征、形成机理和分布规律的研究.     

准噶尔盆地下侏罗统页岩气形成条件

准噶尔盆地是中国西部的大型含油气盆地之一,沉积了多套烃源岩层,其中,侏罗系是盆地最重要的气源岩, 蕴含巨大的页岩气资源。通过钻井、录井、露头、岩芯资料及样品分析结果,从泥页岩的展布及埋藏条件、有机地球化 学特征、储层条件和含气特征几方面,研究下侏罗统页岩气的形成条件并对页岩气有利的勘探层位和区带进行了预 测。准噶尔盆地下侏罗统泥页岩广泛发育,以盆地西北缘及南缘沉积厚度最大;埋藏深度1 000～9 000 m,整体上具有 自北向南逐渐增加趋势;泥页岩有机碳含量较高,有机质类型以III 和II2 为主,具有倾气特征,有机质演化处于未成 熟高成熟阶段。泥页岩储层具有孔隙度低、黏土含量高的特点,储集空间以微裂缝为主。实验测得下侏罗统泥页岩 平均吸附含气量为1.42 m3/t。泥页岩段气测显示活跃,通过现场解吸试验证实了泥页岩中有天然气赋存。综合对比研 究认为,准噶尔盆地下侏罗统八道湾组为页岩气最有利的勘探层位,达巴松中拐地区为页岩气勘探最有利目标区。     

桂中盆地页岩气地质条件及潜力分析

研究桂中盆地页岩气发育的地质条件并分析其勘探潜力。对桂中盆地近期一口页岩气钻井的产气特征和岩心开展了TOC、Ro等测试分析。该井位于柳城县白芒村附近,钻进过程中在井深为248.33m的下石炭统寺门组泥页岩层系砂岩夹层中出现井涌及天然气喷漏,日产气量3 000~4 000m3,持续几天后无明显衰减迹象,揭示了良好的页岩气潜力。该井寺门组泥页岩TOC的质量分数为0.54%~1.59%,平均值为1.07%,为较好的烃源岩层;砂岩夹层中见丰富的沥青,其反射率Rb为1.64%~2.1%。寺门组泥页岩烃源岩和沥青热裂解生气保证了泥页岩层系充足的气源供应。桂中盆地中下泥盆统和下石炭统深灰色或黑色泥页岩层系广泛发育,为高演化的优质烃源岩层并且具有较大的厚度,构成页岩气大规模赋存的基础地质条件。经过长期的油气勘探,已在不少钻井揭示页岩气的显示,展示了较好的页岩气勘探前景。     

基于RBF神经网络的页岩气丰度预测

对页岩气成藏条件进行分析认为,机质含量、类型、成熟度、储层厚度、埋藏深度和孔隙度等为影响页岩气成藏的主要因素;依据四川盆地和北美页岩气形成的地质条件的相似性和所收集的大量页岩气数据,利用RBF神经网络构建了各主要因素与资源量丰度的网络模型,并用MATLAB对网络模型进行训练。对Ohio和龙马溪组页岩资源丰度进行了预测,预测误差分别为27.5%和3.5%,表明RBF神经网络模型可较好预测页岩气产量,对页岩气开采和勘探具有参考价值。     

四川盆地下志留统龙马溪组页岩气勘探前景

利用野外露头、岩心、薄片及相关测试分析对四川盆地南部龙马溪组页岩气勘探前景分析。页岩厚度可达700m,有机碳丰度为0.15%～8.75%、生烃潜力大;页岩裂缝较发育,为页岩气提供了充足的储集空间。页岩其本身具有较强的抗破坏能力,是良好的盖层。四川盆地南部龙马溪组页岩层与美国成功开采的页岩气盆地的成藏条件相似,展示了该套页岩层具有良好的勘探潜力。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.