Squid major lens polypeptides are homologous to glutathione S-transferases subunits

The eye lenses of cephalopods and vertebrates evolved relatively recently and by independent routes. They provide a good experimental model for the study of convergent evolution at the protein level. One proposal is that pre-existing proteins were recruited as structural eye lens proteins during evolution. This has been confirmed for the vertebrate eye lens structural proteins, or crystallins, which have been intensively studied. Despite the limited information about cephalopod eye lenses, it has been suggested that glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a possible evolutionary ancestor of the squid major lens proteins. Recently, the N-terminal sequence of the squid major lens protein was shown to be 55% homologous with that of the Ya subunit of the rat GST. Here, we demonstrate that the squid major lens polypeptides are encoded by a gene family of at least three members. We characterize two cDNAs corresponding to these genes and show they probably either are GST subunits themselves, or share an evolutionary ancestor with them.     

间隙连接在鸡胚水晶体发育中的作用

初步报道已揭示，单克隆抗体ＮＤ６可影响鸡胚水晶体的发育，使之明显增大．ＮＤ６是一种被认为专一于膜蛋白ＭＰ２６细胞外侧段的单抗．ＭＰ２６已被认为是水晶体纤维细胞间隙连接的成份．因此，ＮＤ６很可能可阻断水晶体纤维细胞间隙连接的形成．本人试图用定量显微镜技术证实ＮＤ６对水晶体发育的影响与间隙连接数量减少之间的相关性。注射ＮＤ６于２０期鸡胚的右眼；同胚未注射的左眼作为对照．培养２４ｈ后周定，然后作下列三种处理：（１）测量整体水晶体的大小；（２）制备水晶体超薄切片，并统计间隙连接数量；（３）制备鸡胚头部的连续石蜡切片，并统计水晶体纤维细胞的数量．实验结果指出，在ＮＤ６处理２４ｈ，水晶体大小及纤维细胞数量均比对照组明显增大（表１，Ｐ＜０．０１或０．００１）；而间隙连接数量则比对照组明显减少（表２），Ｐ＜０．００１）．这表明，水晶体的增大及纤维细胞的增多是由间隙连接的减少所引起．这些结果证实，间隙连接在鸡胚水晶体的发育中起重要作用．     

从血清乳酸脱氨酶的分析探讨大土北鸭的杂优效应

对三种家鸭血清LDH活力测定的结果,发现其总活力和比活力的大小依次为大土北鸭>金定鸭>北京鸭。采用等电聚焦电泳,对家鸭血清中LDH同工酶进行分析,得到电泳区带分别在 18～20条之间,可以看到有2个峰簇区,同时表现出正极端的不均一性。测得等电点范围为 pH4.8～8.8,但几乎集中在pH6.0～8.0,试验表明:大土北鸭LDH生化特性明显偏向金定鸭。结果为杂优分析提供了有意义的分子学基础。     

关于隐形眼镜对眼睛伤害的研究

为研究隐形眼镜对人眼的伤害,笔者对隐形眼镜中的病菌进行了培养、形态学观察、革兰氏染色、生理生化试验等研究,证明隐形眼镜中含有金黄色葡萄球菌、曲霉菌等病菌,上述病菌在人的眼睛里会引起角膜炎、结膜炎等眼疾,对眼睛造成伤害。因此,笔者呼吁人们尽量少戴隐形眼镜,保护自己心灵的窗户。     

A Study on the Molecular Switch of Gene Expression of the Mouse Heart Nuclear DNA Fragments

It is observed by in situ stain that LDH(1-5)…nNAD+ can probably enter the nucleopore and can be bound bound specifically with the genes that encode them. During the in vitro expression, the dilution of heart nuclear DNA fragments could enhance the expression activity of LDH/DNA and the amount of expressed LDH(1-5) is in proportion to the amount of dissociable LDH(1-5) on the LDH/DNA. With the integration of 14CLeu to the proteins, it is also observed that the addition of LDH(1-5)…nNAD+ can suppress the in vitro expression activity of LDH/DNA. AFM bservation shows that the regulation sequence at the both ends of active genes may be bound with such active factors as proteins encoded by the genes which probably is the main molecular switch of gene expression and regulation we have been always searching for. Our work shows the prospective application of the combination of AFM and isotope labeling in the research of biological reaction.     

鸡、鸭卵蛋白的醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳对比

以醋酸纤维素薄膜作为支持物所做的鸡、鸭蛋清的区带电泳结果表明,鸡蛋清中至少含有6种主要蛋白质,而鸭蛋清中仅发现有5种蛋白质,这些蛋白质的等电点均小于pH 8.6.     

激光粒度仪中的短筒功率谱采集物镜设计

为了满足测粒范围要求，光学衍射式激光粒度仪需要配备多种焦距透镜，其中长焦距透镜会使 仪器结构庞大。提出一种正负结构的远距型功率谱采集透镜设计方案，其中前组固定，更换后组透镜实现焦距F500、F800和F1000的变化，系统筒长小于600mm，并给出设计结果。该透镜系统适用于多种焦距值切换的光学系统和仪器的小型化。     

Unravelling the dynamics of RNA degradation by ribonuclease II and its RNA-bound complex

RNA degradation is a determining factor in the control of gene expression. The maturation, turnover and quality control of RNA is performed by many different classes of ribonucleases. Ribonuclease II (RNase II) is a major exoribonuclease that intervenes in all of these fundamental processes; it can act independently or as a component of the exosome, an essential RNA-degrading multiprotein complex. RNase II-like enzymes are found in all three kingdoms of life, but there are no structural data for any of the proteins of this family. Here we report the X-ray crystallographic structures of both the ligand-free (at 2.44 A resolution) and RNA-bound (at 2.74 A resolution) forms of Escherichia coli RNase II. In contrast to sequence predictions, the structures show that RNase II is organized into four domains: two cold-shock domains, one RNB catalytic domain, which has an unprecedented alphabeta-fold, and one S1 domain. The enzyme establishes contacts with RNA in two distinct regions, the 'anchor' and the 'catalytic' regions, which act synergistically to provide catalysis. The active site is buried within the RNB catalytic domain, in a pocket formed by four conserved sequence motifs. The structure shows that the catalytic pocket is only accessible to single-stranded RNA, and explains the specificity for RNA versus DNA cleavage. It also explains the dynamic mechanism of RNA degradation by providing the structural basis for RNA translocation and enzyme processivity. We propose a reaction mechanism for exonucleolytic RNA degradation involving key conserved residues. Our three-dimensional model corroborates all existing biochemical data for RNase II, and elucidates the general basis for RNA degradation. Moreover, it reveals important structural features that can be extrapolated to other members of this family.     

家鸭资源利用及优良品种培育

家鸭生物学研究为家鸭起源进化及资源利用提供了理论依据,指导家鸭生产与育种。血清前白蛋白、mtDNA限制性内切酶谱和RAPD证明证据表明,野鸭绿头鸭和斑嘴鸭在我国家鸭品种形成中均有贡献。生化遗传学作为常规育种辅助手段,可用于早期选留种禽。杂种优势利用仍然是提高生产性能的有效手段。分子生物学与数量遗传学的相互交叉与渗透丰富了遗传育种理论,与生产性状相关的多基因性状的遗传规律和分子基础是当前研究的前沿和热点。常规育种技术与现代生物学技术相结合,福建地方良种金定鸭群体平均年蛋量从212枚提高到260枚以上;专门化口系最佳配套组合的产蛋量300枚,总蛋量22kg。生产性能居国际先进水平。金定鸭、北京鸭和番鸭二元杂交的后代,获得亲代的高产、羽色和肉质优势。     

Archimedes螺线式Fresnel透镜的设计及加工方法

为解决传统同心环式Fresnel透镜及其模具金刚石刀具加工存在对加工系统要求过高及效率较低的问题,给出了Archimedes螺线式Fresnel透镜的设计方法。从几何聚光比和能流透射率方面对比了2种透镜的性能,发现两者性能基本一致。分析了大型Fresnel透镜及其模具金刚石车削机床的运动。计算了Archimedes螺线式Fresnel透镜车削加工的刀具轨迹。对比机床各轴精度对透镜光学性能的影响,发现刀具摆角、透镜法线方向进给轴的精度影响最大,采用附加沿刀具轴线方向微进给装置的机床结构能有效提高加工精度。     

Archimedes螺线式Fresnel透镜的设计及加工方法

为解决传统同心环式Fresnel透镜及其模具金刚石刀具加工存在对加工系统要求过高及效率较低的问题,给出了Archimedes螺线式Fresnel透镜的设计方法。从几何聚光比和能流透射率方面对比了2种透镜的性能,发现两者性能基本一致。分析了大型Fresnel透镜及其模具金刚石车削机床的运动。计算了Archimedes螺线式Fresnel透镜车削加工的刀具轨迹。对比机床各轴精度对透镜光学性能的影响,发现刀具摆角、透镜法线方向进给轴的精度影响最大,采用附加沿刀具轴线方向微进给装置的机床结构能有效提高加工精度。     

波动光学应用于成像光学系统装配公差的确定

给出一种利用波动光学原理计算成像光学系统，特别是非旋转对称系统的装配公差计算方法．采用光波波面描述物面上一个点发出的光在存在装配误差的系统中的传播过程．用菲涅耳衍射公式计算自由传播部分；用薄透镜的透射比计算通过透镜时的波面变化，由此得到射向像面的成像波面；通过对成像波面分布的分析推断成像情况；依据容许的成像质量确定装配误差．以一个含两个柱面透镜的成像系统为例，导出了确定这两个柱面透镜母线不正交性公差的公式．由此说明该方法可以解决不易用几何光学方法获得解析结果的问题．     

50mm标准照相物镜折／衍混合设计

在高斯物镜的基础上,通过移去一片负镜片,同时采用折衍混合消色差设计的方法,利用ZEMAX光学设计软件优化设计了一个工作在可见光波段,焦距50mm、视场2w=47°、F／#为1：4的标准折／衍混合型照相物镜．设计结果表明,该镜头工作在可见光波段时,像差得到了较好地改善平衡,具有好的成像性能,是一个实用的照相镜头．     

LDH/Fe3O4@Cu2O复合材料对盐酸四环素的光催化性能研究

采用液相还原法在制备Cu2O的前驱体中加入LDH/Fe3O4制备出LDH/Fe3O4@Cu2O复合材料,将其对盐酸四环素废水进行光催化降解,研究了催化剂的投加量、光照强度、pH值和共存离子对LDH/Fe3O4@Cu2O复合材料光催化性能的影响,分析了光催化过程中起主要作用的活性基团.结果表明,制备出的LDH/Fe3O4@Cu2O复合材料具有较好的光催化性能,与单纯Cu2O相比,复合材料能够提高光催化降解的速率和效果.光催化降解盐酸四环素的最佳条件：催化剂的投加量为0.1 g·L－1、光照强度为500 W、pH值为10,对50 mg·L－1盐酸四环素的降解效率达到95.2%.溶液中存在阴离子Cl－和HCO时会降低光催化效率,自由基抑制实验证实光催化过程中·O起主要作用.     

椭球单毛细管高能X射线微焦斑透镜模拟表征

为了使单毛细管透镜在X射线微区分析中获得高能X射线微焦斑,设计并模拟了基于椭球单毛细管的高能X射线微焦斑透镜,并模拟透镜内表面镀金属氧化膜,氧化膜主要成分为HfO₂.结果表明：镀膜透镜和普通玻璃透镜都可以将能量为100 keV的X射线会聚成<10.0μm的焦斑;与普通玻璃透镜相比,透镜镀膜后X射线聚焦能量上限提高了约2倍.为增加镀膜透镜光通量,重新设计了镀膜透镜,该新透镜相比于最初设计的普通玻璃透镜,在相同的实验室光源条件下聚焦能量为100 keV的X射线,在焦斑处光通量提高了3.8倍,功率密度增益提高了1个数量级,这表明透镜镀膜对聚焦高能X射线有一定的应用价值.模拟结果对椭球单毛细管高能X射线透镜的研制和应用具有指导意义.     

基于热变形的SOG型菲涅尔透镜优化研究

由硅胶-玻璃材料制成的SOG型菲涅尔透镜在温度变化时会产生热变形,从而对聚光性能产生影响。为了研究如何通过优化措施减弱热变形对透镜聚光性能的影响,在采用有限元方法模拟计算SOG型菲涅尔透镜热变形的基础上,根据均匀优化方法以及改进型补偿色散优化方法设计出两种菲涅尔透镜;并巧妙地将透镜热变形(包括整体翘曲变形和齿环侧面的自由变形)的变形量转化后导入光路理论模型中,解决了热变形参数难于在光路模型得到表达的难题;并成功模拟出变形前后透镜的光斑能量分布。模拟结果表明:SOG型透镜两种变形对均匀优化方法设计的透镜聚光有较大的影响。变形前后光效率相差可以达到10%。同时发现,透镜两种变形对聚光的影响刚好相反。综合两种变形后,热变形对聚光影响减少。从而得出了使用补偿色散的设计方法,可以有效地抵抗热变形对于透镜聚光的影响的结论。     

Observation and Analysis of in vitro Expression of Mouse Heart Nuclear DNA Fragments by AFM

Using AFM,we observed linear chain-like complexes formed by some specific proteins and the multi-mRNAs during the in vitro expression of some active genes on the DNA fragments. The LDH mRNA in the multi-mRNA complex can in vitro translate LDH. Via AFM, we also discovered that nmRNA prepared from heart muscles, along with some specific proteins can form linear chain-like nmRNA complexes in which LDH mRNA can also translate LDH in vitro. Our work shows the prospective application of AFM in the research of the biological reaction of the active genes on the DNA fragments.     

Structure of cytochrome c nitrite reductase.

The enzyme cytochrome c nitrite reductase catalyses the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia as one of the key steps in the biological nitrogen cycle, where it participates in the anaerobic energy metabolism of dissimilatory nitrate ammonification. Here we report on the crystal structure of this enzyme from the microorganism Sulfurospirillum deleyianum, which we solved by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion methods. We propose a reaction scheme for the transformation of nitrite based on structural and spectroscopic information. Cytochrome c nitrite reductase is a functional dimer, with 10 close-packed haem groups of type c and an unusual lysine-coordinated high-spin haem at the active site. By comparing the haem arrangement of this nitrite reductase with that of other multihaem cytochromes, we have been able to identify a family of proteins in which the orientation of haem groups is conserved whereas structure and function are not.