Structured illumination microscopy for super-resolution and optical sectioning

Optical microscopy plays an essential role in biological studies due to its capability and compatibility of non-contact, minimally invasive observation and mea- surement of live specimens. However, the conventional optical microscopy only has a spatial resolution about 200 nm due to the Abbe diffraction limit, and also lacks the ability of three-dimensional imaging. Super-resolution far- field optical microscopy based on special illumination schemes has been dramatically developed over the last decade. Among them, only the structured illumination microscopy （SIM） is of wide-field geometry that enables it easily compatible with the conventional optical microscope. In this article, the principle of SIM was introduced in terms of point spread function （PSF） and optical transform function （OTF） of the optical system. The SIM for super-resolution （SIM-SR） proposed by Gustafsson et al. and the SIM for optical sectioning （SIM-OS） pro- posed by Neil et al. are the most popular ones in the research community of microscopy. They have the same optical configuration, but with different data post- processing algorithms. We mathematically described the basic theories for both of the SIMs, respectively, and pre- sented some numerical simulations to show the effects of super-resolution and optical sectioning. Various approaches to generation of structured illumination patterns were reviewed. As an example, a SIM system based on DMD- modulation and LED-illumination was demonstrated. A lateral resolution of 90 nm was achieved with gold nanoparticles. The optical sectioning capability of the microscope was demonstrated with Golgi-stained mouse brain neurons, and the sectioning strength of 930 nm was obtained.     

超分辨率荧光显微技术——解析2014年诺贝尔化学奖

 2014 年诺贝尔化学奖授予Eric Betzig,Stefan W. Hell 和William E. Moerner3 位科学家,以表彰他们在超分辨率荧光显微成像技术方面的重大贡献。本文从显微镜分辨率的起因入手,对超分辨荧光显微技术进行了深入阐述。此外,对光学显微技术的发展前景进行展望。     

Optical microscopy using a single-molecule light source

Rapid progress in science on nanoscopic scales has promoted increasing interest in techniques of ultrahigh-resolution optical microscopy. The diffraction limit can be surpassed by illuminating an object in the near field through a sub-wavelength aperture at the end of a sharp metallic probe. Proposed modifications of this technique involve replacing the physical aperture by a nanoscopic active light source. Advances in the spatial and spectral detection of individual fluorescent molecules, using near-field and far-field methods, suggest the possibility of using a single molecule as the illumination source. Here we present optical images taken with a single molecule as a point-like source of illumination, by combining fluorescence excitation spectroscopy with shear-force microscopy. Our single-molecule probe has potential for achieving molecular resolution in optical microscopy; it should also facilitate controlled studies of nanometre-scale phenomena (such as resonant energy transfer) with improved lateral and axial spatial resolution.     

Super-resolution microscopy of live cells using single molecule localization

The resolution of conventional light microscopy is insufficient for subcelluar studies. The invention of various super-resolution imaging techniques breaks the diffraction barrier and pushes the resolution limit towards the nanometer scale. Here, we focus on a category of super-resolution microscopy that relies on the stochastic activation and precise localization of single molecules. A diversity of fluorescent probes with different characteristics has been developed to achieve super-resolution imaging. In addition, with the implementation of robust localization algorithms, this family of approaches has been expanded to multi-color, three-dimensional and live cell imaging, which provides a promising prospect in biological research.     

Handheld optical coherence tomography device for photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a very effective treatment for port wine stains (PWS). To guide and assess PDT treatment, a handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe was designed for real-time imaging of the PWS patient. The system uses a light source with a center wavelength of 1310 nm, -3 dB bandwidth of 90 nm and an optical power of 9 mW. The system also has a spatial resolution of 8 μm (lateral) × 7 μm (axial), an imaging rate of 4 frames per second, and a 102 dB sensitivity. We then demonstrate that the OCT imaging system can clearly distinguish between normal and PWS tissues. Therefore, the system can provide valuable guidance for PDT treatment.     

紫外光快速成型中辐射能的汇聚分析

基于光的波动理论,对紫外光快速成型技术中的聚焦光有量场进行了深入的理论分析,阐明了点光源所辐射的连续球波在凹椭球面上的反射聚焦理论,及其反射光波场轴向和侧向的能量分布形式,理论分析表明,焦点光强随偏心率增加而上升,轴上的光强分布曲线近似于高斯曲线,在聚焦点域的能量分布呈双曲面体形式,焦平面中强度侧向分布曲线服从正态分布,研究为在快速成型技术中有效地利用紫外点光源的辐射能提供了充分的理论依据。同时对紫外光快速成型的实际光学系统的设计具有重要的指导作用。     

共焦扫描显微成像系统的非相干光学传递函数

共焦扫描光学显微（ＣＳＯＭ）系统有透射式和反射式、相干光和非相干光荧光等类型。ＣＳＯＭ 系统的平面分辨率和纵深分辨率依赖于放置在光电探测器前面的空间滤波器的孔径大小。根据不同孔径计算反射式荧光ＣＳＯＭ 系统的非相干光学传递函数,并进一步说明反射式荧光ＣＳＯＭ系统的成像特性对孔径的依赖关系     

多注意力结合光流的视频超分辨方法

针对现如今监控摄像、卫星遥感以及视频娱乐等领域对视频图像的清晰度要求越来越高,而目 前大部分视频超分辨方法存在参数量大、恢复的视频存在抖动等问题,提出了一种多注意力结合光流的视频 超分辨方法,通过引入多个注意力包括空间注意力、通道注意力以及自注意力来提升超分辨性能。 具体而 言,作为一种特征加权的增强方法,这些注意力可以捕获视频帧的时空特征并增强自适应性和通道间的依赖 性,实现全局学习的功能;同时,提出双阶段特征对齐思路,首先利用光流对视频进行估计,进行第一阶段的 特征对齐,然后引入长短是记忆网络结构增强位置和通道的特征融合,进行第二阶段的特征对齐,以防止恢 复的视频帧出现抖动。 实验结果表明:该方法在评估标准和可视化效果方面都取得了令人满意的效果。     

不同卸荷路径下的页岩蠕变特性试验研究

地下硐室围岩流变现象显著,对硐室开挖与运营造成巨大威胁。以某深埋矿井巷道页岩为例,参照地下硐室实际开挖情况设计轴压与围压等比卸荷应力路径,同时开展恒轴压卸围压、等比卸荷两种应力路径下的蠕变试验,研究页岩在不同卸荷路径下的蠕变力学特性。试验发现：(1)页岩在两种卸荷路径下的蠕变特性十分明显,轴向应变量值始终高于侧向应变;(2)岩石在破坏应力水平下的轴向应变增长程度小于侧向应变,岩石的侧向扩容较为明显;(3)等比卸荷和恒轴压卸围压条件下的岩石长期强度分别为47.69MPa和62.85MPa,等比卸荷应力条件下岩石更易屈服破坏。研究成果可为地下硐室长期稳定性研究提供一定参考。     

配筋圆钢管再生混凝土短柱箍筋的作用机理

为探究100%再生粗骨料取代率下配筋钢管再生混凝土（R-RACFST）短柱中箍筋的作用机理,以箍筋形式和间距为变量,进行了轴压试验,分析了破坏模式、受力响应、延性、断裂韧性和套箍作用等,结果表明：无论采用何种箍筋形式和间距,此类构件破坏模式均表现为剪切破坏;R-RACFST各力学性能均优于钢管再生混凝土（RACFST）;箍筋形式和间距对构件峰值荷载前的受力性能、承载力和套箍作用无显著影响;就形式而言,螺旋式箍筋的延性和断裂韧性更为优越;就间距而言,随着箍筋间距的减小,构件的延性、断裂韧性更为优越。因此,就轴心受压承载力而言,求解时可不考虑箍筋形式和间距的影响,而为了获得更好的能量吸收和塑性变形性能,还是推荐采用较小间距的螺旋式箍筋。     

阶跃荷载下功能梯度材料圆柱壳的非线性动力稳定性

针对阶跃轴压和阶跃侧压下功能梯度材料圆柱壳的非线性动力屈曲问题,由能量原理推导非线性动力平衡方程,采用变步长四阶Rugge-Kutta法进行求解,得到结构的响应曲线,结合B-R动力屈曲准则给出屈曲临界状态.数值结果表明:阶跃荷载下结构变形存在一占优模态,该模态相应的结构响应发生最早,且幅值最大;阶跃轴压和侧压荷载下结构的非线性动力屈曲荷载与其相应的线性静力屈曲荷载十分接近;在阶跃轴压荷载情况下,动力荷载将激发比静力荷载更高阶的屈曲模态;增加陶瓷组分含量将提高结构的动力屈曲荷载;线性温度分布与实际热传导温度场得到的临界荷载较为接近.     

高斯光束对荧光共焦显微镜分辨率的影响

研究一定光源孔径、束斑的高斯光束对荧光共焦显微镜横向、纵向分辨率的影响，导出了荧光功率传输函数、三维响应函数．数值计算结果表明：与一定光源孔径的平行光束比较，采用高斯光束可以获得更好的横向、纵向分辨率．     

基于改进SRResNet深度学习网络的低照度图像超分辨率重建方法

为解决低照度条件下低分辨率图像的超分辨率重建问题,提出一种基于改进超分辨率残差网络(super-resolution residual networks, SRResNet)深度学习网络的低照度图像超分辨率重建方法。通过将读取的图像下采样、亮度降低等处理生成低照度低分辨率图像,并将该图像与高分辨率图像作为数据对输入学习模型,以便改进SRResNet的训练数据对的生成方式,优化训练过程,从而构建面向单帧低照度彩色图像的基于改进SRResNet训练的超分辨率重建方法。实验结果表明：与现有流行的图像超分辨率重建方法相比,该方法的峰值信噪比(peak signal to noise ratio, PSNR)、结构相似性(structural similarity, SSIM)指标整体为最优,低照度环境下的超分辨率重建图像更为清晰明亮、细节更丰富,该方法训练出的深度学习网络的重建效果更好。     

基于虾螯结构的仿生薄壁管吸能特性分析及优化

为提高薄壁管结构的耐撞性和吸能性,基于雀尾螳螂虾螯结构,结合结构仿生学原理设计出具有仿生晶胞单元薄壁管,利用有限元法模拟了仿生薄壁管碰撞吸能特性,采用响应面法进行薄壁管结构优化.结果表明,仿生薄壁管的比吸能较普通薄壁管的分别提高了11.1%（轴向）和24.6%（径向）,优化得到仿生薄壁管轴向和径向吸能特性最优的结构尺寸,比吸能分别为27.0 kJ/kg （轴向）和10.8 kJ/kg （径向）,该薄壁管仿生设计和响应面优化方法为吸能元件的轻量化设计提供了新思路.      

基于残差神经网络的高强度运动超分辨率图像重构

针对实际拍摄的亚像素信息较少的低分辨率运动图像,重构图像通常较为模糊,甚至不能分辨。为此,提出一种新的基于残差神经网络的高强度运动超分辨率图像重构方法。令沿运动方向的亮度保持恒定,通过光流场匹配实现高强度运动图像的运动估计;根据运动估计结果和超分辨率重构的基本思想,将BP神经网络看作残差神经网络的基础建立残差神经网络,对残差神经网络进行训练,参照训练样本将经插值法放大若干倍的待重构高强度运动图像作为输入,将高分辨率图像和输入图像间的残差作为输出,把输入和输出累加获取超分辨率图像,实现若干放大倍数高强度运动超分辨率图像的重构。实验结果表明,所提方法运动估计准确,重构图像清晰、质量佳。     

高温下约束混凝土子框架的框架梁内力研究

以约束钢筋混凝土子框架作为分析对象,针对不同梁截面尺寸和配筋率、梁跨度、侧向/竖向/转动约束刚度比等情况,利用自编程序开展了高温下约束子框架的框架梁内力研究.研究结果表明：1）高温下框架梁的轴力比和梁端弯矩均呈现出先逐渐增大而后逐渐减小的趋势,前者峰值可达0.35～0.4;2）随着侧向约束刚度比增加,轴力比明显增大,而升温中后期梁端弯矩则逐渐减小;3）梁截面宽度越小,轴力比的增长速率越快且更早达到其峰值;随着梁截面宽度增加,梁端弯矩明显增大.     

基于线过程的POCS超分辨图像重构算法

传统的凸集投影（POCS）超分辨重构算法易使图像产生边缘振荡效应问题,在研究了边缘振荡效应的成因后,提出一种基于线过程模型的POCS算法来对低分辨图像序列进行超分辨图像重构．该算法采用线过程模型检测出超分辨初始估计图像的4个方向的边缘,在传统POCS的投影过程中增加了对图像的平滑处理,实现了低分辨图像序列超分辨重建的对比实验,实验结果表明图像边缘振荡效应能得到明显改善．     

Pixel switching of epitaxial Pd/YHx/CaF2 switchable mirrors

Exposure of rare-earth films to hydrogen can induce a metal-insulator transition, accompanied by pronounced optical changes. This 'switchable mirror' effect has received considerable attention from theoretical, experimental and technological points of view. Most systems use polycrystalline films, but the synthesis of yttrium-based epitaxial switchable mirrors has also been reported. The latter form an extended self-organized ridge network during initial hydrogen loading, which results in the creation of micrometre-sized triangular domains. Here we observe homogeneous and essentially independent optical switching of individual domains in epitaxial switchable mirrors during hydrogen absorption. The optical switching is accompanied by topographical changes as the domains sequentially expand and contract; the ridges block lateral hydrogen diffusion and serve as a microscopic lubricant for the domain oscillations. We observe the correlated changes in topology and optical properties using in situ atomic force and optical microscopy. Single-domain phase switching is not observed in polycrystalline films, which are optically homogeneous. The ability to generate a tunable, dense pattern of switchable pixels is of technological relevance for solid-state displays based on switchable mirrors.     

锦屏绿片岩分级加载流变试验研究

对锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞围岩进行了分级加载流变试验,分析了试验过程中出现的现象、试样轴向、侧向应力应变关系,以及利用伯格斯模型求得的流变模型参数.分析结果表明,各试样总应变量轴向大于侧向,而各式样总流变量侧向大于轴向,流变和应变表现出不一致性;各级流变的流变量随各级应力的增加在逐级增加,各级流变的轴向流变量和侧向流变量占轴向总流变量和侧向总流变量的百分比是相似的;各试样的各级瞬时变形的弹模不断增大,符合岩石流变试验的一般性规律;在轴向和侧向两个方向上存在明显的各向异性,侧向能更快速和灵敏的反映应力变化引起的流变特性的改变;各流变参数均能正常反映绿片岩流变规律,伯格斯模型能较好的模拟锦屏绿片岩单轴流变特性.     

双光子共焦荧光显微系统成像分析及实验研究

双光子共焦荧光显微系统可以突破传统光学显微镜的成像分辨率极限,提高厚荧光物三维扫描的横向及轴向分辨力.基于共焦荧光显微原理和菲涅耳衍射公式,分析了反射式双光子共焦荧光显微系统的三维光学传递函数.讨论了在实验条件下,共焦模块参数对双光子共焦荧光读取分辨率的影响.双光子共焦荧光系统采用的共焦小孔半径为3.92 μm时,其层析能力比采用78.4 μm共焦小孔的系统提高了1.56倍.通过已知尺寸荧光物的双光子共焦荧光成像实验,验证了共焦小孔直径与系统横向及轴向分辨率的反比关系.