“批评文体研究”笔谈——古代文论批评文体的文学性生成

按照西方近现代学术“分科治学”的规则，文学是文学，批评是批评，文学有文学的文体（抒情体或叙事体），批评有批评的文体（大抵是论说体）。但是，中国传统文论的批评文体常常不去论说而去叙事（如汉代的史传体批评）或抒情（如六朝的骈体批评和唐代的诗体批评）。中国传统文论的经典性文本如《文心雕龙》、《二十四诗品》、《沧浪诗话》、《人间词话》等等，从文体分类上考察都不属于论说体而是文学文体。如何看待中国文论批评文体的这种“破体”现象？或者说，如何评价中国文论批评文体的这种文学性或诗性特征？我认为：对这一问题的探讨，其意义不限于“批评文体”本身，而是可以为全球化时代中国传统文论的现代转换找到一种新的入思方式或新的理论突破口。     

通观与局部──论《四库全书总目》的学术批评方法

《四库全书总．目》对所载畜书旨要的揭示，是与它的批评方法相互依存的。清代学着周中导说：“窃谓自汉以后‘薄录之书．无论官撰私著，凡卷第之繁富，门类之允当，考证之精审，议论之公平，莫有过于是编矣。”1把议论与著录、分类、考证并列，可见周氏注意到《总目》的学术批评特色。鲁迅更认为聪目》“是现在较好的书籍之批评，但须注意其批评是钦走的”2。所谓“书籍之批严，即指目录学而兼批评学的学术意蕴而言。因此，将批评方法与目录学解题结合起来研究，可以更好地了解《总目》的学术品性和学术地位。概括言之，其批评方法约有五种…     

论叶燮诗学批评的突出表征

叶燮《原诗》从批评思想来说，是对传统儒家伦理批评的延续，其“知人论世”说、对人格批评论的推崇和应用等均有鲜明体现。其创新求变思想也非常突出，叶燮据此以历史价值为准，不仅理论上积极呼吁倡导，而且创作实践上以身作则，其“新变”观对蔓延了中国传统几千年的复古论调是一次极大的冲击与解构，具有一定的现代色彩，对当代中国文论界也是一次警示和启迪，．其破立结合与点面结合的批评方法，使其批评具有尖锐、犀利的风格，也使《原诗》不仅具有强烈的逻辑思辨性，同时具有品鉴与感悟的诗性。     

刘敞《左传》学对杜预的批评

杜预《春秋经传集解》于《左传》学多有发明，但其问世后所面临的批评也从未停止。宋儒刘敞治经专尚探究义理，因此针对杜预主“《春秋》为鲁史”、“经承旧史”等说而湮没《春秋》大义深为不满，并责备杜预不通经义、臆断解经，这些批评在《左传》学史上是比较少见的。     

是“极情尽致”还是“情有可据”？——论《琵琶记》针线关目的“秕漏”

晚明清初，南戏《琵琶记》的针线与关目受到了戏曲界的批评与诟病，其中对其批评最严厉的无过于李渔。而毛声山则以评点的方法对这种批评做出了回答。从“极情尽致”与“合情合理”两个角度，可以寻找到南戏创作在早期阶段的特点与疏漏，也可以看出戏曲来自于民间又无法完全脱离民间的俗文化品格。对《琵琶记》针线关目的批评揭示了戏曲由社会批评向艺术批评的必然转变。     

从《黑暗王国的一线光明》看杜勃罗留波夫的文学批评原则

杜勃罗留波夫的文学批评活动捍卫和发展了别林斯基、车尔尼雪夫斯基关于文学的性质和社会作用的观点，称自己的文学批评为“现实的批评”，并且在《黑暗王国的一线光明》中以对奥斯特罗夫斯基的《大雷雨》的切实批评实践了这一批评原则。     

两晋南朝的书法批评

两晋南朝书法批评著作数量不少，由此可见当时批评风气之盛。其主要原因是受当时人物品藻之风的影响，其批评标准与模式亦由人物品藻而来。许文雨《钟焕诗品讲疏》云：“历览艺林，前世火土，颇矜作品，鲜事论谭，及曹丕褒贬当事之八，肆为之辞，于是溺经论文，多以甄别得失为己任。在梁一代，萧子显秉其史论之识，以绳文学；刘辎更呈其雕龙之辨，以评众制；疲肩吾则载书法之上，而品之有九；钟煤亦录五言之诗家，而次之为三。衡鉴之作，于斯称最矣。”】两晋南朝书法批评文献主要有：朱羊欣《采古未能书人名人宋王惜《文字志》、梁王僧虔《…     

中国生态文化批评的范式探究——论鲁枢元的生态文化观

鲁枢元《陶渊明的幽灵》和《天地之中说聊斋》是生态文化批评的代表作，前者对陶渊明的历史影响、当代价值进行了研究，提供了跨文化研究的典范；后者则聚焦于蒲松龄及其《聊斋志异》,以生态文化批评的方法进行解读，为中国生态文化批评提供了跨学科研究个案。在这两部专著及近年来的一系列学术文章和访谈中，鲁枢元已经形成了自己独特的生态文化批评观，这是建立在精神生态、乡土思考、传统文化和绿色话语之上的研究范式，推动了中国当代生态文化研究。     

体制为先与严分体制:钱钟书的"辨体"理论

文体观念是钱钟书文学观念的重要组成部分，这在其《谈艺录》《管锥编》等著作中都有集中体现。他往往在引述历代经典文体文献并分析比较的基础上，给出自己独到的文体批评见解和论断。在其文体观念之中，“辨体”这一古代文体学理论的核心范畴又是其用力所在，主要包括体制为先与亦遵格式、严分体制与得体失体、严于辨体与文体界限三个方面。通过对其著述中相关辨体文献的辑录整理和分类分析，系统地构建其辨体理论批评体系。     

鲁迅对《学衡》和吴宓的批评──兼谈吴宓研究

文章根据新文学史料，考察了鲁迅对《学衡》和吴宓批评的全过程，认为那种视1922年鲁迅同“学衡派”的斗争是把吴宓作为反面人物棒喝或鄙夷的说法有欠公允。其时，鲁迅针对《学衡》与新文化运动相逆对的思潮和吴宓的思想局限予以批评是无可厚非的。吴宓作为教育家和学者，一生贡献甚多，建树甚广，其参与创办并主编《学衡》11年，经历始终，在中国文学史和学术上声名远播，影响甚大。吴宓很值得研究。为如何深入研究之，作者提出了三点设想。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the