Levels and distributions of polychlorinated naphthalenes in sewage sludge of urban wastewater treatment plants

Over seventy congeners of polychlorinated naphthalenes （PCNs） in sewage sludge of 8 urban waste- water treatment plants （WWTPs） in Beijing were analyzed by isotope dilution, and high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry （HRGC/HRMS） method, The total PCN concentrations determined in the samples range from 1.48 to 28.21 ng/g dw （dry weight） with TEQ concentrations of 0.11--2.45 pg/g dw. These levels were lower than those found in other regions, DiCNs and TrCNs were the most dominant homologues of PCNs, The similar congener profiles in all the samples suggest the similarity in certain sources, Contamination from industrial input might be the most significant source of PCNs in the sludges in this study, and thermal processes such as waste incineration and coal combustion may be another source of the PCNs contamination.     

Persistent organic pollutants PCNs and PBDEs in sediments from coastal waters of Qingdao,Shandong Peninsula

Thirty-one congeners of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and 21 congeners of polybrominated diphenylethers(PBDEs)in surface sediments at 5 stations and one mussel sample from Qingdao coastal waters were analyzed. The maximum contents occur at the station near the Haibo River mouth. The total PCNs contents are in the range of 212-1209 pg/g dw, dominated by tri-Cl CN. The total PBDEs contents are in the range of 117-5510 pg/g dw,dominated by tri- to hexa-BrBDEs. The local sources of PCNs are likely from combustion processes such as incinerations and coal burnings. The sources of PBDEs are molecular diffusion from the materials containing them. Except for the area near the river mouth where is affected by the sewage sludges, an important source of PCNs and PBDEs in this area is believed to be the atmospheric deposition. Mussels enrich PCNs and PBDEs relative to the sediments. The total TEQs of PCNs in mussels are lower than the total TEQs of PCBs.     

鱼类分类多样性估算方法在长江河口区的应用

2004～2006年采用各种网具对长江河口区进行鱼类调查，查阅了当前所有在该水域进行的鱼类调查资料，系统整理了长江河口区鱼类总名录，并计算了其分类多样性.结果表明，长江河口区鱼类共有305种，隶属2纲28目101科215属.其中，软骨鱼纲共5目12科14属22种；硬骨鱼纲共23目89科201属283种.依据总名录计算出其平均分类差异指数Δ⁺（79.9）和分类差异变异指数Λ⁺的理论平均值及95%置信漏斗曲线，Δ⁺值比黄海、渤海和东海鱼类均稍高.     

2006年夏季长江口及其邻近水域浮游动物的群落结构

利用2006年6月在长江口及邻近海域进行的大面调查所采集的浮游动物样品,结合环境参数,对长江河口及邻近海域浮游动物种类组成及群落结构进行了多元分析,研究了浮游动物群落结构及其影响因子.结果表明,长江口及邻近海域浮游动物种类比较丰富,浮游动物种类数为322个(含27种浮游幼虫),浮游甲壳动物的种类数量占到总种数的1/2以上,桡足类是其主要类群,中华哲水蚤是整个调查水域最重要的优势种.据各站位浮游动物种类组成和丰度,用聚类分析法可将该水域的浮游动物分为5个群落.相关性分析表明,影响长江口及邻近海域浮游动物群落结构的主要环境因子为盐度.     

Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the surface sediment of the East China Sea

The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） were determined in the surface sediments of 20 locations in the East China Sea （ECS）. The ∑PBDEs （sum of 13 PBDE congeners, without brominated diphenyl ether 209 （BDE209） ranged from 2.6 to 49 pg g-1 （dry weight） with an average of 21 pg g-l, which fell at the low end of the global range. The spatial distribution presented an offshore decreasing trend towards the outer shelf and along the coastline, suggesting a direct influence of the inputs by the Yangtze River. The ~PBDE concentrations were influenced by the total organic carbon of the sedi- ment, as demonstrated by their similar spatial distributions. The ∑C27 ＋ C29 ＋ C31 n-alkanes concentrations and sand % reported in the literature for sediments in the ECS presented similar spatial distributions as ∑PBDEs, which suggests that a considerable part of ∑PBDEs may come from the Yangtze River and that grain size plays an important role in PBDE accumulation. The three dominant congeners were BDE28 （19.8 %）, BDE47 （26.4 %）, and BDE99 （16.8 %）. The present study compared the conge- ner patterns of the sedimentary PBDEs with those of commercial products. The results indicated the possible use of penta-BDE in the Yangtze River Basin in a wide range or the fractionation and transformation of PBDE congeners during their long-range transport.     

长江口表层沉积物中多氯联苯残留和风险评价

采用GC-ECD(gas chromatography-electron capture detector)对14种多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)在长江口及东海近岸沉积物中的残留水平进行了测定,对其分布、组分特征、来源及生态风险水平进行了探讨.结果表明:多氯联苯在表层沉积物中的...     

西江二恶英的季节变化、通量及来源

用同位素稀释-高分辨色谱／高分辨质谱（HRGC／HRMS）方法对西江（珠江的主干）进行了1a的水相和颗粒相中多氯代二苯并二恶英／呋喃（PCDD／Fs）测定。结果表明，水相中PCDD／Fs的含量范围在1．567-8．008pg／L之间．颗粒物中PCDD／Fs的含量变化在569．4～279．6pg／g之间，经过分析得出其浓度随着西江流量的季节性变化呈现一定的变化规律，即在丰水期此污染物的浓度比在枯水期高。地表径流和干湿沉降对此有很大的贡献。西江中PCDD／Fs年通量为8．55kg，毒性当量通量（I—TEQ）为0．026kg。通过对同系物和同族物分布图对比显示西江PCDD／Fs来源比较复杂，可能是混合来源。其中大气干湿沉降、地表径流和沿岸与漂白有关的工业对此有很大的贡献．是PCDD／Fs进入西江的3个重要途径。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of trace elements in Yangtze Estuary, China: Significance of diluted setting

The present study is to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of eight trace elements (Sr, Ba, B, Ga, Ni, V, Cu, and F) in various Holocene marine subfacies in the Yangtze Estuary, including its subaqueous delta by sediment borehole and vibrocore. Results demonstrate that grain size is the determinant factor in controlling the concentration of most trace elements discussed. Prodelta mud that occurs usually below the normal wave base can serve as a depository sink for trapping trace elements over the long-term time period. For example, copper concentration is 5-6 times higher than those found in the estuarine sediment. Boron, which is used to be a salinity indicator, shows a strong negative correlation with paleosalinity (using sediment phosphate method), implying desalinized water setting in the Yangtze Estuary, into which a large quantity of the Yangtze freshwater (924 × 10⁹ m³/a) has discharged. Trace element concentrations of the study area were compared with those collected from the middle and lower Yangtze River reaches, and from the east China continental shelf, including the Okinawa Trough. Result tends to show a terrigenous derivation of most geochemical components of the study area. Concentrations of strontium and barium are correlated with an increase in distance away from the estuary, rather than affected by grain size. Variation of trace elements in downcore Holocene sediment sections are fairly consistent with concentrations revealed by the modern vibrocore transect that extends from nearshore delta front, to offshore prodelta and to the delta-shelf transit zone. The overall distribution of geochemical elements discussed is capable of environmental implication to characterize the Yangtze estuarine transit between land and sea.     

Distribution, fluxes and decadal changes of nutrients in the Jiulong River Estuary, Southwest Taiwan Strait

The Jiulong River Estuary (JRE) is a typical subtropical macro-tide estuary on the southwest coast of the Taiwan Strait (TWS),which has been greatly impacted by human activities over the past 30 years.To understand nutrient dynamics and fluxes under such a heavy background of anthropogenic perturbation,eight cruises were conducted from April 2008 to April 2011,covering both wet (May to September) and dry (October to April next year) seasons.Nutrient concentrations were very high for the freshwater end-member in the upper reach of the JRE (nitrate (NO 3-N):120-230 mol L-1 ;nitrite (NO 2-N):5-15 mol L-1 ;ammonium (NH 4-N):15-170 mol L-1 ;soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP):1.2-3.5 mol L-1 ;dissolved silicate (DSi):200-340 mol L-1).In dry seasons,concentrations of these nutrients were higher than in wet seasons.Nitrate was the dominant chemical species of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN),with percentages of 67%-96% in wet seasons and 55%-72% in dry seasons.Distributions of NO 3-N and DSi against salinity were nearly constant during all cruises,and showed generally conservative mixing behaviors in the estuary (1相似文献   

珠江口海水养殖区水体、沉积物及水产品中抗生素的分布

采用超声波萃取结合超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法, 研究珠江口(珠海和大亚湾)海水养殖区的水样、沉积物以及水产品(鱼类和贝类)中22种抗生素的污染状况。结果表明, 珠江口海水养殖区的主要污染物是喹诺酮类的诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和氟甲喹等。珠海沉积物和水样中抗生素污染程度略高于大亚湾。水样中抗生素的浓度范围为0.13 (磺胺甲恶唑)~4.68 (奇霉素) ng/L, 浓度水平受降水影响显著。沉积物中抗生素的浓度范围为0.02 (金霉素)~8.77 (奇霉素) ng/g (干重), 表现出时间累积性。水产品中抗生素浓度范围为0.06 (磺胺甲基嘧啶)~46.75 (诺氟沙星) ng/g (干重), 贝类和鱼类样品中抗生素污染程度接近, 差异性不显著。相关性分析结果表明, 沉积物样品间的污染程度类似, 水产品样品间污染的相似性也较显著, 而不同水样间的污染成分及污染水平差异性较大。     

夏季伶仃洋COD、DO的垂向分布及其影响因素

1999年夏季对珠江口伶仃洋的COD、DO、盐度、温度等项目进行大规模的调研 ,结果表明 :在伶仃洋咸淡水交界海域 ,COD、DO垂向层化现象明显 ,根据其层次结构可分为上中高下低型、上高中下低型、上下高中低型。受淡水径流、咸水入侵和太阳辐射的影响 ,伶仃洋夏季存在稳定的温密跃层 ,水体出现层化。层型水体是影响COD、DO垂向分布最主要的因素 ,底泥和再悬浮有机物的降解耗氧是导致底层水体DO降低的主要原因。     

长江入海径流变化对河口盐水入侵影响分析

将河口海岸三维斜压水流数值模式应用于长江口海域,对长江口深水航道整治工程后枯季大通流量在6000～40000 m3／s的18组分级流量情况下的盐水入侵影响范围和影响程度进行了模拟计算。结果表明：上游径流对盐水入侵有明显的制约作用,随着上游径流量增加,盐水入侵的范围改变显著;利用大通流量和河口代表点半月最大盐度进行回归分析,得到半月最大盐度与大通流量呈现良好的指数关系,相关系数高于0．99。     

长江口粘性细颗粒泥沙絮凝试验研究

长江口航道淤积的主要成因是河流从上游带来的大量粘性细颗粒泥沙，在河口盐、淡水交汇处遇强电解质海水，产生絮凝形成絮团而加速沉降形成的。用长江口粘性泥沙在不同盐度的人工海水中做了大量的试验，研究结果表明，影响絮凝的主要因素为含盐度、颗粒大小、含沙量、泥沙矿物成分、有机质含量等、这些因素和絮团形成的大小有密切关系。     

长江输沙与河口的冲淤变化关系

以长江宜昌站、汉口站和大通站的径流量、输沙量等水沙特征值以及在崇明东滩上的实测数据为资料来源,探讨了多年来长江口的来水来沙态势,并运用泥沙通量估算方法,推算出近年崇明东滩的年淤涨速度,通过对比发现：近年来长江的径流量未见减少,输沙量却有减少的趋势;潮滩向海淤涨明显减慢．作者对两者之间存在的关系及其原因作了初步探讨,认为潮滩淤涨减慢在很大程度上是由于长江的输沙量减少所致;淤涨减慢的幅度超过了来沙量减少的程度,其重要原因是上游来沙减少的主要是易于沉积的中粗颗粒部分．     

Distributions of dissolved rare earth elements during estuarine mixing at the Changjiang River mouth

The first data on the concentrations of dissolved REE in surface waters collected from the north passage of the Changjiang Estuary where the salinity ranges from 0.15 to 19 mglg were determined by ICP-MS after preconcentration with solvent extraction and back-extraction techniques. Relative to other estuaries, the river-water end-member concentrations of dissolved REE are very low, ranging from 11.963 (Y) to 0.098 ng/kg (Lu). Dissolved REE removed markedly from water in the Changjiang Estuary where salinity lies within the range of 0.15-1 mg/g, but the percent removal is low, ranging only from 47%(La) to 25%(Lu). Strong water-sediment interaction due to shallow water depth in the Changjiang Estuary leads to remarkable concentration peaks of dissolved REE in the location where the salinity varies from 1 to 8 mg/g. In the moderate and high salinity regions from 8 to 19 mg/g, the concentrations of dissolved REE gradually increase as a result of desorption or partial dissolution of particles.     

汉江水体和沉积物中全氟化合物的风险评估

采集汉江旱季和雨季的水样和沉积物,应用超高效液相色谱–三重四级杆质谱,对其中的11种全氟化合物(PFCs)进行检测,研究该区域全氟化合物的污染状况。结果表明,11种全氟化合物都有不同程度的检出,旱季和雨季水样中∑PFCs浓度分别为0.3~23.04和0.16~19.68 ng/L,沉积物中∑PFCs浓度分别为0~55.1和0.99~85.07 ng/g。水样总浓度的最高值出现在汉江汇入长江处的武汉,且武汉采样点的全氟辛酸(PFOA)浓度最高,旱、雨季分别达到22.52和12.52 ng/L。沉积物中总浓度最高值出现在陶岔,且以全氟庚酸(PFHp A)和全氟己酸(PFHx A)为主,沉积物中组分组成的季节差异不大。采用实际检测到的水样中PFOA、全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)、全氟壬酸(PFNA)、PFHx A和全氟葵酸(PFDA)的浓度以及沉积物中PFOA和PFOS的浓度,运用熵值法,对汉江流域进行全氟化合物污染的风险评估,结果表明,水体和沉积物中的浓度均未达到对生态环境具有风险的水平。     

福建九龙江口凤鲚的生物学特征

利用2010年9月至2013年8月每季度从福建九龙江口的紫泥、岛美、浮宫3个站点的定置张网和流刺网渔获物中采集的凤鲚样本,分析凤鲚的生物学特性.结果表明:1)九龙江口凤鲚体长分布范围为44~239 mm,优势体长为140~160 mm,体重分布范围为0.20~69.10 g,优势体重为0.20~20 g,体长与体重的关系式为W=1.3×10-6 L3.23(R2=0.88,P<0.01,n=927),体长生长方程为Lt =246.75[1-e-0.65(t+0.21)],体重生长方程为Wt=64.94[1-e–0.65(t+0.21)]3.23 ,由此可将凤鲚看做匀速生长的鱼类;2)凤鲚夏季洄游至九龙江产卵,性成熟以Ⅴ期为主,冬季摄食强度最强;3)凤鲚的总死亡系数、自然死亡系数和捕捞死亡系数分别为2.0、0.67和1.33.结果说明九龙江口凤鲚资源已经处于过度开发状态,需要采取合理的保护和限制捕捞措施.     

长江武汉段和黄河花园口段水体中重金属污染物的急性毒性效应

采用Q67发光菌和大型蚤为试验生物,在实验室条件下对长江武汉段、黄河花园口段的河水及表层沉积物和孔隙水及其加标样品(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni)进行了毒性测试,通过测定样品对受试生物的EC₅₀和LC₅₀值,评价了2河段水体重金属毒性和对毒性的屏蔽效应。结果表明长江武汉段和黄河花园口段的上覆水和沉积物孔隙水均未对Q67发光菌产生毒性,但是长江沉积物样品在96h内对大型蚤产生明显的急性毒性。加标重金属后,长江孔隙水中观察到的毒性均小于黄河孔隙水;而在上覆水中,加标后毒性增加,其中加入相同质量浓度Zn和Ni,长江表现出的毒性反而大于黄河;对加标的长江沉积物,不同重金属对大型蚤的毒性大小顺序是Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb。     

贵屿表层土壤中多溴联苯醚的水平与儿童健康风险

在广东省贵屿镇采集了12个地点的表层土壤样品, 测定了其中14种多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs)同系物的含量. 结果表明: 该地区已受到了PBDEs 的污染, PBDEs 浓度在76.5～13 354.0 ng/g干重之间, 远高于国内外其他地区. BDE209 为最主要的同系物, 其次为BDE47, BDE99 和BDE183, 说明该地区污染主要源于十溴工业品, 其次为五溴和八溴工业品. 通过总日摄入量和日吸收量来评估儿童通过土壤暴露PBDEs 的量, 并采用非致癌危险商数(hazard quotient, HQ)对其带来的风险进行评估. 结果表明: 通过皮肤接触和口服暴露的PBDEs 的平均日摄入量分别为31.1～5 430.0 和7.7～1 335.0 ng,皮肤接触摄入是其暴露人体的主要途径; 若考虑到吸收率, 则平均日摄入量降到0.3～54.3 和1.3～184.0 ng, 口服摄入是其主要暴露途径. 在两种情况下, HQ 值均小于1, 表明土壤中的PBDEs 并不会给当地儿童带来显著的非致癌健康风险.     

上海中心城区道路灰尘中氯代多环芳烃的时空分布特征

选取了上海中心城区的道路灰尘作为研究对象, 运用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC/MS)联用技术对道路灰尘中20种氯代多环芳烃(chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ClPAHs)进行了检测, 分析了道路灰尘中ClPAHs的时空分布特征和毒性当量(toxic equivalent quantity, TEQ)等. 结果表明, 11种ClPAHs的检出率均大于50%, 说明ClPAHs在上海中心城区道路灰尘中普遍存在. 研究区域内的ClPAHs浓度呈现出明显的季节特征, 即冬季>夏季, 冬季∑ClPAHs浓度最高为24.9 ng/g干重. 在空间分布上, 交通枢纽区浓度最高(冬季为21.2 ng/g干重, 夏季为10.7 ng/g干重), 建筑施工区、商业区次之, 近绿地区最低. 在道路灰尘中最主要的两个组分是6-ClBaP和7-ClBaA. ClPAHs在冬季和夏季的TEQ范围分别为0.01~4.81和0.01~1.78 ng-TEQ/g干重, 其中 7-ClBaA在ClPAHs总毒性当量中的贡献最大.