朱家尖南沙海滩剖面变化特征与泥沙输运

在对朱家尖岛南沙海滩的沉积环境、动力条件、地形地貌进行调查与监测的基础上,利用不同的波能流公式对海岸的沿岸泥沙运动进行计算与分析。结果表明:该海滩沉积物以沙为主,物质来源主要是邻近的海岸基岩风化侵蚀产物;受海岸波浪、潮汐、潮流等动力条件和沉积环境综合作用的影响,海滩剖面地形的季节性变化明显:夏季侵蚀、冬季淤积;海滩东侧侵蚀、西部淤积的年际变化特点与沿岸输沙密切相关;沿岸输沙计算结果显示各岸段沿岸净输沙量平均值介于43.85×10³~172.77×10³ m³/a;自东向西的沿岸输沙主要由ESE、SE向的入射波所致,自南向北的沿岸输沙由S向入射波所致,在不考虑人类活动对海滩影响的情况下,沿岸输沙在海滩长期的演化过程中起到了关键作用。     

近50年北海市海岸线变迁及其环境效应分析

【目的】研究近50年来海岸线变迁的规律及其环境效应。【方法】以北海市1955—2004年遥感影像为数据源,并结合野外调查。【结果】南流江三角洲河口区沿岸海岸线变化最大。海岸线长度除1977—1988年略有增加外,整体上呈递减趋势,1998年至2004年变化减缓。北海市海岸线变化的环境效应表现为引起冲淤变化。【结论】海岸线变迁主要是受围海工程影响,海岸的自然侵蚀、淤积作用不明显,海岸线变化总体上是趋于平直,长度减少。环境效应变化较明显的是南流江三角州河口区河道改道导致河道自然冲刷拓宽、部分江心岛受到冲刷侵蚀;人工堤坝保护了海岸,但滩涂可能遭受侵蚀影响,或海浪翻腾沙滩底部影响了沙滩质量。     

Magnetic records of heavy metal pollution in urban topsoil in Lanzhou, China

This study is a systematic analysis of the magnetic characteristics and heavy metal elements in soil samples collected from Lanzhou City,China.The 117 surface soil samples were measured to study the feasibility and effectiveness of environmental magnetism for evaluating heavy metal pollution in urban soils.Results of the study indicate that low-coercivity magnetite dominates the magnetic properties in the samples.The high values of the soil magnetic mineral concentration parameters and low values of magnetic particle size parameters are distributed throughout the northern area of Xigu District,the industrial zones of the eastern section of Chengguan District and the districts of the narrow sections connecting Chengguan District and the other three districts;these parameters are fundamentally consistent with the distribution of the high values of the Pollution Load Index and Nemerow Pollution Index.Semi-quantitative studies which use the environmental magnetic method to monitor pollution of heavy metals(such as As,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,and Fe) have shown that when xlf≤35×10-8 m 3 kg-1,it is unpolluted;when 35≤xlf <150×10-8 m3 kg-1,it is moderately polluted to unpolluted;when 150≤xlf <365×10-8 m 3 kg-1,it is moderately polluted;when 365≤xlf <750×10-8 m3 kg-1,fd %<2.7 and ARM /SIRM<0.2×10-3m A-1,it is moderately to highly polluted;when xlf ≥750×10-8 m3 kg-1,xfd %<2.7 and xARM/SIRM<0.2×10-3m A-1,it is highly polluted.The region of moderately to highly polluted distribution is caused by industry and vehicles,showing that the change of pollution in Lanzhou City bears the trend of "vehicle emission + industrial".     

Spatial concentration, congener profiles and inhalation risk assessment of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the atmosphere of Tianjin, China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were monitored in a seasonal passive sampling scheme during June 2008 and January 2009 to investigate the spatial concentration, congener profiles and evaluate the potential inhalation risk in different functional areas in Tianjin, China. The spatial air concentrations and I-TEQs ranged 1.08×10²–8.19×10³ fg m^?3 (average 2.63×10³ fg m^?3) and 4.08–325 fg I-TEQ m^?3 (average 91.4 fg I-TEQ m^?3) respectively for PCDD/Fs. The concentration and I-TEQs of PCBs were 3.08×10⁴–3.01×10⁵ fg m^?3 (average 1.39×10⁵ fg m^?3) and 1.72–49.6 fg I-TEQ m^?3 (average 18.5 fg I-TEQ m^?3). It is obvious that PCB concentrations were several hundred times higher than the PCDD/Fs. However, the ambient air PCDD/Fs contributed a major part to the total toxicity equivalents, varying from 72.7% to 89.0% (average 81.8%). The atmospheric PCDD/F levels were observed to be higher in winter for most of sampling sites in the downtown. Besides, inhalation risk assessment showed that local residents might suffer more risk near the point sources than those in living area, industrial zones and background area in Tianjin City. However, the total daily dioxin intake was approximately several to hundreds of times lower than the WHO criteria, showing relatively low exposure risks from the impact of industry point sources in Tianjin City.     

Characterization of Fe-S minerals influenced by buried ancient woods in the intertidal zone, East China Sea

An ancient wood layer dated at about 5600 cal. a BP by AMS14C dating was discovered in the intertidal zone, East China Sea. Samples affected by ancient woods, including fresh coast bedrock, weathering bedrock, seepage water from coast, seepage water from ancient wood layer, intertidal seawater, fresh water, beach mud, ancient wood barks and ancient peat, were collected for geochemical analysis. The beach mud and the bacteriogenic iron oxides （BIOS） in coastal seepage water were analyzed by min- eralogical and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）-selected area electron dif- fraction （SAED） analysis. Inorganic sulfur compositions and b＇34S of the ancient peat and the beach mud were determined. The results showed that Fe, Mn, S （SO~-） were enriched in the intertidal area at different levels, very likely caused by fermentation of ancient woods. The presence of abundant iron- oxidizing bacteria （FeOB） and sulfate-reducing bacteria （SRB） in this intertidal zone was confirmed by HRTEM-SAED observation, and these bacteria were involved in Fe-S cycle to induce extracellular biomineralization. The negative ~4Sv.cDT （--2.9%o） likely indicated the biogenic origin of iron-sulfide minerals in the beach mud at high sulfate reduction rate （SRR）. These findings are helpful for under- standing the biogeochemical Fe-S cycle and biomineralization process at high organic matter deposition rate and high SRR in the intertidal zone, estuary, or near shoreline.     

Impacts of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the China Seas: Evaluation based on anthropogenic radionuclide 137Cs

In order to evaluate the impact of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the China Seas, seawater samples from the South China Sea (SCS), the East China Sea (ECS) and the Yellow Sea (YS) were collected in April–June 2011, and their ¹³⁷Cs activities were measured using low-background γ-spectrometry. ¹³⁷Cs activities in the study area ranged from 0.75±0.07 to 1.43±0.08 Bq m^?3 with an average of 1.12±0.08 Bq m^?3. ¹³⁷Cs activities initially increased from the nearshore to the inner shelf, and subsequently decreased from the inner shelf to the outer shelf. Vertical profiles showed higher ¹³⁷Cs activities at the surface but lower activities at depth in the ECS, suggesting atmospheric input of ¹³⁷Cs. As such, the distribution pattern of ¹³⁷Cs in the region was presumably determined by a combination of atmospheric deposition and subsequent mixing between different water masses including the coastal currents, the Yangtze River plume and the Taiwan Warm Currents. Based on the inventory of 93 Bq m^?2 and the atmospheric deposition flux of ¹³⁷Cs in the ECS of 32.2 mBq m^?2 d^?1 (5.4–42.9 mBq m^?2 d^?1) which we estimated, we derived the residence time of ¹³⁷Cs in the upper water column to be 66 d (45–95 d). We concluded that in terms of ¹³⁷Cs, the ECS was less impacted by the Fukushima accident as compared to the Chernobyl accident. The released amount of ¹³⁷Cs into the ECS from the Fukushima accident was minute.     

基于希尔波特-黄变换的海滩碎波带水体波动特征分析

 介绍了HHT原理及其端点效应与正交性,分析了台风过程中碎波带水体波动特征。结果表明,碎波带波浪在台风期间波能增大且向低频转移,台风过后波能减弱且向高频转移;海滩地下水波动主要受潮汐涨落影响,波动周期可能受台风增水影响;台风与天文大潮耦合导致海滩地下水位奇异性波动。     

防城港东湾纳潮量减弱及其影响分析

【目的】研究防城港东湾水交换改变状况,分析其变化的原因,并探讨造成的影响。【方法】采用传统方法计算防城港东湾2008年和2012年的纳潮量。【结果】2008年防城港东湾纳潮量为1.8443×108 m3,2012年纳潮量为1.7436×108 m3,仅4年时间防城港东湾纳潮减少量占总纳潮量的5.5%。纳潮量减少后海水交换能力明显减弱。【结论】港口码头工程填海和岸线及滩涂资源的大量利用减少了湾内海域空间面积,造成海水交换能力减弱,使湾内海洋生态环境出现退化现象。     

Seasonal oscillations in water exchange between aquifers and the coastal ocean

Ground water of both terrestrial and marine origin flows into coastal surface waters as submarine groundwater discharge, and constitutes an important source of nutrients, contaminants and trace elements to the coastal ocean. Large saline discharges have been observed by direct measurements and inferred from geochemical tracers, but sufficient seawater inflow has not been observed to balance this outflow. Geochemical tracers also suggest a time lag between changes in submarine groundwater discharge rates and the seasonal oscillations of inland recharge that drive groundwater flow towards the coast. Here we use measurements of hydraulic gradients and offshore fluxes taken at Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, together with a modelling study of a generalized coastal groundwater system to show that a shift in the freshwater-saltwater interface-controlled by seasonal changes in water table elevation-can explain large saline discharges that lag inland recharge cycles. We find that sea water is drawn into aquifers as the freshwater-saltwater interface moves landward during winter, and discharges back into coastal waters as the interface moves seaward in summer. Our results demonstrate the connection between the seasonal hydrologic cycle inland and the saline groundwater system in coastal aquifers, and suggest a potentially important seasonality in the chemical loading of coastal waters.     

Fabricating polymer/HEA-hybrid topological lattice structure for enhanced mechanical properties

Metamaterials such as architected lattice structures have aroused broad interest in being applied as mechanical supports for their lightweight and custom-shaped capabilities.Although various prior efforts have been devoted,a multiscale fabrication of micro-nano lattice structures without penalizing the mechanical properties is still a challenging but highly desirable task.Here we put forward a strategy to produce a mechanically enhanced micro-nano lattice structure by conformally depositing a Co...     

潮间带贝克喜盐草土壤种子库空间分布及其生物影响因素

【目的】为探讨贝克喜盐草(Halophila beccarii Ascherson)种群更新及濒危机制,研究其土壤种子库空间分布特征及其生物影响因素。【方法】对广西合浦榕根山、防城港交东、防城港山心3个贝克喜盐草典型分布点进行调查取样,统计(或称量)样品种子、直立茎、雌花、果实数量、地上部分生物量和地下部分生物量。【结果】从水平方向分布来看,相同方向上不同距离处贝克喜盐草土壤种子库密度差异不显著,海草场潮沟、外海、海岸方向一侧的土壤种子库密度在榕根山和交东分别为271粒/m~2、180粒/m~2、52粒/m~2和52粒/m~2、23粒/m~2、16粒/m~2,差异显著,可见该海草种子水平空间分布格局受到落潮水流与落潮后流向潮沟的微水流的影响,受距离影响较弱;垂直方向上,上层(0~4cm)、中层(4~8cm)、下层(8~12cm)土壤底质中贝克喜盐草种子数量分别占总量的73.0%、20.8%和6.2%,上层土壤中种子数量显著高于中层和下层(P0.05),表明绝大部分的种子分布于土壤表层(0~8cm);贝克喜盐草海草场土壤种子库密度与其种群雌花密度、直立茎密度存在极显著线性正相关关系,其相关系数r分别为0.722 9(P0.01)、0.845 1(P0.01),与果实密度、地上部分生物量及总生物量呈多项式曲线关系。【结论】贝克喜盐草土壤种子库的水平空间分布受潮沟、入海河流等外界环境和地上植被的种群属性、种子自身特性等因素的影响,垂直方向上主要分布在表层底质中,且地上植被的种群属性是决定土壤种子库密度的关键因素。     

湖盆滩坝沉积研究进展

 介绍了滩坝的定义,综述了湖盆滩坝研究的相关成果。滩坝可根据其沉积物、发育位置以及对与潮汐作用响应等进行分类。基于沉积物,滩坝分为碳酸盐岩滩坝和碎屑岩滩坝;基于发育位置,滩坝分为近岸滩坝和远岸滩坝等;基于对潮汐作用响应,滩坝分为小潮差滩坝、中潮差滩坝和大潮差滩坝等。针对滩坝砂体沉积特征提出滩坝的沉积模式,并可进一步对其内部微相进行划分。滩坝发育的控制要素为古地貌、水动力条件、沉积旋回、物源以及古水深、古气候等,古地貌的控制体现在岸线形态和局部地形起伏;水动力条件的控制体现在不同强度的波浪作用;沉积旋回的控制体现在基准面的升降和旋回;物源的富集及贫乏对滩坝的形成类型起到决定性作用;古水深、古气候则影响滩坝的发育与否。     

Positronium annihilation in oxygen and nitrogen mixture

Formed in silica aerogels, positronium annihilation in oxygen and nitrogen mixture is studied by a simple and convenient method. The results show that ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetime is significantly shortened when some oxygen is introduced into nitrogen gas and that the o-Ps collisional quenching rate for an oxygen molecule is (28.0±0.4) μs^?1·amagat^?1 (1 amagat = 2.69×10²⁵ m^?3). It is found that the o-Ps annihilation rate in oxygen of 1atm at room temperature is (25.5±0.5) μs^?1 and that the effective number of electrons per oxygen molecule available for 2γ annihilation of positron in the o-Ps is (34.6±0.4).     

红树林污损动物群落生态研究

为了探索红树林区污损动物的附着季节和群落发展规律，于1999年12月至2001年1月广西英罗港红树林保护区进行污损动物挂板实验，试板悬挂在向海林带紧靠外缘的潮间带光滩上，下层离滩面10cm，上层离滩面110cm，分为月板，季板和年板；每类试板重复4块。同时调查周边1－17龄桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）上污损动物群落，每龄选取5株，测定与底层试板挂放高度相当的0－20cm树层上污损动物的种群密度和生物量。结果在桐花树和试板上共发现27种污损动物，优势种为潮间藤壶（Balanus,littoralis)，白条地藤壶（Euraphia withersi),黑荞麦蛤（Xenostrobus atruatus )和团聚牡蛎（Ostrea glomerata)。全年3－12月有污损动物附着，春秋季各有1个附着高峰。附着盛期为10月和11月。潮间藤壶的附着期为3－12月，白条地藤壶的9－12月，附着密度以秋季板最大，达25493个／米^2；生物量以春季最大，达2921.13g/m^2 。年板的最大密度和生物量达15063个／米^2和8663．266g/m^2，桐花树底层多年污损动物群落主要优势种从潮间藤壶到白条地藤壶到黑荞麦蛤变化，密度和生物量在2年后减少并在较低水平波动。     

Groundwater circulation relative to water quality and vegetation in an arid transitional zone linking oasis, desert and river

In groundwater-dependent ecosystems, groundwater circulation controls the overall water quality and ecosystem dynamics. Groundwater and vegetation across a 30-km groundwater transect linking oasis, desert and river in an extremely arid area were investigated with a series of soil profiles drilled into the unsaturated zone to understand groundwater circulation and its control on groundwater quality and surface vegetation in the extremely arid Lower Tarim River, NW China. Measurements have included water-table depth, water chemistry and water isotopes (2H, 18O, 3H) for 15 water samples, soil moisture and chloride content for 11 soil profiles, and vegetation investigation. Results show that the groundwater in desert zone is characterized by slow recharge rate (pre-modern water), great water-table depth (6.17-9.43 m) and high salinity (15.32-26.50 g/L), while that in oasis (uncultivated land) and riparian zone is characterized by relatively fast recharge rate (modern water), small groundwater-table depth (3.56-8.36 m) and low salinity (1.25-1.95 g/L). Stable isotopes show that secondary evaporation takes place during irrigation in oasis. The vegetation characteristics (coverage, richness, evenness and number of plants) are closely related to soil moisture and water-table depth. Groundwater recharge from irrigation in oasis and from river in riparian zone sustains a better ecosystem than that in the desert area, where lateral and vertical groundwater recharge is limited. The more evapotranspirative enrichment may occur in the vegetated and water-rich riparian zone as compared to desert. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness of environmental tracers in studying ecohydrological processes in arid regions.     

Interpreting grain-size trends associated with bedload transport on the intertidal flats at Dafeng, central Jiangsu coast

IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, IT IS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY THE NET SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PATHWAY BECAUSE OF THE COMPLICATED HYDRODYNAMICS AND SEDIMENT SOURCES. GAO AND COLLINS HAVE RE-EXAMINED A 1-D MODEL ORIGI- NALLY DERIVED BY MCLAREN AND BOWLES AND DEVE…     

Scalable synthesis and electrochemical performance of mesoporous graphene from calcium carbonate by magnesiothermic reaction

A novel scalable synthetic method of mesoporous graphene has been developed using the compressed mixture of Mg and excess CaCO₃ in a closed container. The generated solid oxide and unreacted CaCO₃ could act as mesopore-forming agents, and the closed container could prevent the carbon dioxide from CaCO₃ flow away. As a result, the graphenes with a large number of 2–30 ?nm mesopores and high utilization ratio of Mg achieved. The graphenes had high specific surface area and excellent electrochemical performance. In particular, the Mg utilization ratio was up to 53.3% in the preparation of graphene using 2:1 CaCO₃/Mg at 700 ?°C, which is superior to previous researches. The obtained mesoporous graphene exhibited high specific surface area of 743.7 ?m² ?g^-1, large specific capacitance of 140 ?F ?g^-1, and high capacitance retention rate of 64.3%.     

岸线变化对钦州湾水动力环境的影响

【目的】分析岸线变化对钦州湾水动力环境的影响,为钦州湾海岸线开发、海洋环境保护提供科学依据。【方法】结合2004年及2012年海图、卫星影像资料等资料,采用数值模拟的方法对钦州湾2004年—2012年间岸线变化造成潮流、纳潮量、水交换能力的变化进行计算。【结果】岸线变化后,三墩公路顶端附近海域流速增大0.2m/s,犀牛脚附近下降0.1m/s,三墩公路两侧涨潮时潮流流向由东南向变为西南向和正北向;大、小潮期间,海域纳潮量分别下降-1.50×10~8 m~3和-0.29×10~8 m~3,下降幅度分别约为总量的10.3%和10.9%;水体半交换时间由27d延长至28d。【结论】岸线变化对钦州湾水动力环境有一定的影响,岸线开发利用应充分考虑岸线变化对海洋环境的影响。     

北部湾潮汐数值计算参数的试验

选不同的海底摩擦系数以及水平湍流摩擦系数,对北部湾的ki分潮进行了数值模拟试验。结果表明,当底摩擦系数取0.002~0.003,而水平湍流摩擦系数取1×10²~5×10³ m²/s时其模拟结果与实测潮波系统比较吻合。潮波动力学方程中的底摩擦项对数值结果影响较大,而水平湍摩擦项对数值结果的影响不甚明显。     

凹陷式开采石灰岩矿区地下水渗流数值模拟

露天凹陷式开采石灰岩矿区的疏干降水过程将形成降水漏斗,并改变区域地下水流场;定量刻画开采条件下的地下水渗流对矿区涌水量预测及相关环境地质问题防治有重要的实际意义。以广东某石灰岩矿区为例,采用地下水渗流数值模型模拟了矿坑开采速度分别为4、5、8 m/a条件下的地下水流场变化过程。模拟结果表明：在开采条件下,研究区地下水位不断降低,水位下降速率与开采速度之间呈正相关关系;开采形成的降落漏斗将延伸至矿区所在水文地质单元边缘,形成时间与速度成反比;区域范围内的地下水位年内动态与降雨季节变化一致,波动幅度随与矿坑距离增加而减小、随渗透系数降低而增加,但受开采速度影响不明显。开采初期,矿坑涌水量随开采深度和开采速度增加而增大;但当矿坑开采深度达40 m时,研究区浅层第四系孔隙水和溶洞裂隙水基本疏干,涌水量基本不再随开采深度增加,以4、5、8 m/a速度开采的矿区稳定涌水量分别为7 970、8 240、9 030 m³/d。该研究结果可为类似石灰岩矿区开采方案设计及周边地下水位动态监测提供参考。