甜菜(Beta vuigaris L.)染色体形态和带型的研究

本文用铁矾-苏木精染色和Giemsa C-显带方法研究了甜菜染色体。结果表明,甜菜染色体(2n=18)均属中部或近中着丝点,有丝分裂中期染色体平均长度在1.5μ—2.4μ之间,第1号染色体短臂带有随体;根据染色体的长度、着丝点位置和有无随体等特点排列了染色体组型图。C带分析表明所有染色体都显清晰的着丝点带,第6号染色体短臂有末端带,第2、3号有一条明显的中间带。     

草鱼和团头鲂的核型及其C带带型的研究

采用用血淋巴细胞培养制备染色体和BSG 显带枝术,研究了草鱼和团头鲂的核型和C 带带型,草鱼、团头鲂都是2n=48,均有8对中部着丝点染色体,10对亚中着丝点和6对亚端着丝点染色体,它们在核型中除第9对染色体短臂有显著差异外,其余染色体形态很为相似,在C 带带型中,大多数染色体都具着丝点C 带,但它们各有特殊的带型,差异较大,草鱼有两对不同圆颗粒状带型亚中着丝点C 带染色体,并有6对短臂全深染的端位型亚端着丝点C 带染色体,还有两对在短臂C带与随体相联的染色体.团头鲂有的在同源染色体长臂间显示对称和不对称的两种插入型C 带,次缢痕位于第9对染色体短臂上,亦为C 带染色阳性,位于缢痕的裂隙内,无端位带,并对草鱼和团头鲂不同亚科的核型特征以及它们染色体与其物种进化的关系进行了初步讨论.     

秦川牛的二倍体/五倍体的嵌合体

本文报道一例不育秦川公牛的染色体核型与G带型。结果发现在同一染色体标本中,有二倍体(2x=60)的分裂相,也有五倍体的分裂相(5x=150)。在观察的68个分裂细胞中五倍体的占14.2%。其中二倍体的染色体核型基本与正常秦川牛的二倍体的染色体组型相似。其G带型,大部分染色体的末端和着丝点区域呈淡染部分,中部呈深染部分,并可看到有明显的三条暗带。这头不育公牛在外貌上未见异常,仅不能生殖。     

小黄蝠（Scotophilus temmincki Consobrinus）的核型研究

采用骨髓细胞染色体制片法,G 显带技术,对小黄蝠的染色体进行了核型、G带的观察分析。结果表明:染色体数目,2n=36,染色体臂数 FN=48。常染色体分为4组(10M+4SM+20A),X 是一条很大型的中央着丝粒染色体,Y 是小型的端着丝粒染色体。G 带结果表明:每条染色体都显出特有的 G 带带纹。X 染色体有明显的5条深带。     

药百合根尖染色体C带分析

利用Giemsa C带方法对药百合(Lilium speciosum Thunb. var. glorosoides Baker)进行了研究。结果表明：药百合的染色体数目为2n=2x=24,带型公式为：2n=24=8C+4CI++2CI++2CN+4I++2I+T++2,单套染色体条带总数为20条。染色体A、E、H、J、K的着丝点区域和染色体F的短臂上显示出很强的带纹,染色体 A为随体染色体,具有明显的次缢痕带,染色体B的短臂上显示出3条强弱不同的带纹。通过Giemsa C带方法可以将药百合的每条染色体区分开,药百合C带带纹的这些特征将为其在杂交育种中后代的鉴定及特异基因的染色体定位提供可靠的依据。     

海南小稻蝗染色体核型及C-带带型分析

对海南小稻蝗精巢染色体核型及C带带型进行了分析.结果表明:海南小稻蝗核型为2n(♂)=22 xo,NF=23.全部染色体均为着丝粒带染色体,都具有着丝粒C带,1号和8号具有居间带,1号的C带带纹丰富,9号染色体弱染,其余染色体为强染,异染色质总量为14 64%,最长与最短染色体之比为5 5∶1.     

玫瑰鲃脂鲤和红鳍银鲫的核型及银染和C-带研究

报道了玫瑰鲃脂鲤(Hyphessobrycon rosaceus)和红鳍银鲫(Puntius schwanenfeldi)的核型及银染和C-带.结果显示:两种热带淡水观赏鱼的2 n均为50.玫瑰脂鲤的核型公式为2 n=24 m 12 sm 10 st 4 t,NF=86,其染色体经快速银染后,在m9染色体的短臂末端出现银染位点,多数染色体的着丝点区均显示出一个深浅不同的C-带.红鳍银鲫的核型公式为2 n=22 m 14 sm 4 st 10 t,NF=86,银染点位于m1和m2染色体的短臂末端,多数染色体为着丝粒C-带.在两种鱼中发现均有Ag-NORs联合现象,未发现有异形性染色体.     

三港雨蛙的染色体组型及其C—带型的研究

本文采用骨髓细胞直接制备染色体标本法和BSG显带技术。观察三港雨蛙(H.sanchiangensis Pope)的染色体数目2n=24,NF=46,由7对中部着丝点染色体,4对亚中部着丝点染色体和1对亚端部着丝点染色体组成。在第9对染色体的长臂上有一对随体。未发现异型性染色体。C带除显示于所有的着丝点区外,在第2、5、8、10对染色体的长臂上还显示插入型C带,在第6、12对的短臂末端区显示末端C带。     

餐条的核型研究

以肾脏细胞制作染色体标本,研究了贵州境内的餐条的核型。根据对100个中期分裂相染色体的计数,结果表明:餐条中部着丝点染色体(m)8对;亚中部着丝点染色体(sm)13对;亚端部着丝点染色体(st)3对;无端部着丝点染色体(t).染色体臂数(NF)90,核型公式2n=48,16m+26sm+6st,NF=90.未发现异型染色体对。     

中国羚牛的染色体研究

本项研究是用一头雄性和一头雌性羚牛的血液经外用血培养,并对其染色体组型和G带进行分析。结果表明这雌雄两头羚牛的二倍染色体数皆为2n=52,其常染色体中有4对近中着丝点染色体和21对端着丝点染色体;在性染色体中,x染色体为端着丝点染色体,y染色体为近中着丝点染色体。并对G带带纹进行逐条分析。     

Centromere inactivation in a dicentric rice chromosome during sexual reproduction

T0135 is a variant selected from the progeny of a rice line telotrisomic for the short arm of chromosome 11 （2n＋IIS＇）. Fluores- cent in situ hybridization （FISH） results indicated that T0135 contained two telocentric chromosomes, which have two centro- mere-specific molecular markers （5S rDNA） for chromosome 11; thus T0135 is a newly-described rice chromosome variant with two dicentric chromosomes, named 22＋11L-＋11L＇＋I IS.11S-＋I 1S-11S. （22 represents the 22 chromosomes excluding chromo- some 11 in the rice genome, ＂-＂ represents the centromere）. To investigate the genetic stability of the rice dicentric chromosomes during sexual reproduction, we observed the chromosome types in the progeny. Ninety-four percent of the progeny had the same chromosome type as the parental line. This result indicates that the dicentric chromosomes are mostly stable during mitosis and meiosis. Immunofluorescence analysis for centromere specific histone H3 （CENH3） revealed that only one centromere is active and the other centromere is inactivated in the rice dicentric chromosomes.     

Mouse Karyotype Obtained by Combining DAPI Staining with Image Analysis

In this study, mitotic metaphase chromosomes in mouse were identified by a new chromosome fluorescence banding technique combining DAPI staining with image analysis. Clear 4＇, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole （DAPI） multiple bands like （J-hands could be produced in mouse. The Meta- Morph software was then used to generate linescans of pixel intensity for the banded chromosomes from short arm to long arm. These linescans were sufficient not only to identify each individual chromosome but also analyze the physical sites of bands in chromosome. Based on the results, the clear and accurate karyotype of mouse metaphase chromosomes was established. The technique is therefore considered to he a new method for cytological studies of mouse.     

胡子鲶的染色体组型研究

本文报导对胡鲶科(Clariidae)中胡子鲶Clatias fuscus(Lacépède)的染色体组型进行的初步研究。实验结果表明:胡子鲶体细胞的染色体数目为2n=56,核型公式为18m+14sm+14st+10t,NF=88,总的来说m和sm组染色体较st和t组的染色体略为增多,因而基本臂数不高。在t_4染色体的短臂上具有一对明显而恒定的随体。     

中国松亚属三个种的C—带核型研究

报道了中国起源的松属三个种的胰酶—吉姆萨C—带核型.马尾松、油松、黄山松的中间带分别为34,24,24条,着丝粒带分别为18,20,20条,而对于一条染色体臂来说,最多出现一条或二条中间带.所有带纹的形态相似.而大小各异.在同一有丝分裂相中,中间带到着丝粒的距离相等(在仅出现一条带的臂上).三个种C—带在分布上的主要区别是:马尾松有一条染色体不显任何带,而油松和黄山松所有染色体均显带.     

Genetic evidence that a Y-linked gene in man is homologous to a gene on the X chromosome

The mammalian sex chromosomes are thought to be related to each other by sharing a common origin. That is, the X and Y chromosomes originally evolved from a pair of chromosomes that only differed at the locus determining sexual differentiation. For example, this evolutionary relationship is reflected during meiosis in chromosomal pairing between the tip of the human X chromosome short arm and the Y chromosome which presumably implies sequence homology. However, compelling genetic evidence for functional homology between the mammalian X and Y chromosome is lacking. We describe here the localization of a gene to the tip of the short arm of the human X chromosome and evidence for a related gene on the Y chromosome.     

Chromosome G-banding in situ hybridization of RFLP marker umc58 linked with the gene hm1 dictatingHelminthosporium carbonum susceptibility1 in maize

The technique of simultaneous G-banding and in situ hybridization has been developed in plants for the first time. Using this technique, RFLP marker umc58 closely linked with the hm1 gene dictatingHelminthosporium carbonum susceptibility1 was localized onto 1L3 (chromosome 1, long arm, the third band from the centromere to the end of the arm), 5L5 and 9L5. The results demonstrated that umc58 was a triplicated sequence. It was deduced that umc58 probably was in a duplicated region that includes a part ofHelminthosporium carbonum susceptibility genes (hm1 and hm2), as the hybridization sites of umc58 in chromosomes 1 and 9 were those at which the genes localize. The techniques of simultaneous G-banding and ISH in plants are discussed.     

牦牛(Bos Grunniens)染色体高分辨G带带型的研究

由麦洼牦牛(公26,母8)颈静脉采血,经Brdu处理,结合胰酶G显带法,制备牦牛染色体高分辨G带标本,绘制出牦牛染色体高分辨G带模式图,并进行染色体区带划分和命名。结果是牦牛常染色体均为近端点着丝粒染色体,X、Y染色体为亚中部着丝粒染色体。单套染色体的G带数(含X、Y染色体)为641条,划分为108个区,牦牛染色体高分辨G带带型同普通牛染色体G带带型以及高分辨R带带型相比较,其X染色体基本相似,而Y染色体和常染色体有较大差异,这对今后深入探讨牦牛的雄性不育是有意义的。     

Isolation and identification of the three rice monotelosomics

In order to obtain rice monotelosomic, the progeny of 24 telotrisomics, derived from an indica rice variety, Zhongxian 3037, were screened. The variants that differed morphologically from the diploids and the original primary trisomics as well as the telotrisomics were collected for cytological identification. The variants with 24 chromosomes were selected according to the prometaphase chromosomes. From these variants, three monotelosomies with one chromosome arm deletion in each were verified by fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） using a rice centromeric BAC clone of 17p22 as a marker probe. The three monotelosomics were derived from telotrisomic 1S, 4L and 11L, respectively. Further identification was conducted on the prometaphase or pachytene chromosomes of the three variants, which were probed with the same centromeric BAC clone together with the corresponding chromosome arm specific makers, a0059H02 （on the short arm of chromosome 1）, a0034E24 （on the long arm of chromosome 4）, and a0071H11 （on the long arm of chromosome 11）. The results indicated that the telocentric chromosomes in the three monotelosom. ics were derived from their respective corresponding telotrisomics. According to the telocentric chromosomes of the variants, they were monotelosomic 1S （one long arm of chromosome 1 was lost）, monotelosomic 4L （one short arm of chromosome 4 was lost） and monotelosomic 11L （one short arm of chromosome 11 was lost）, respectively.     

The centromere geometry essential for keeping mitosis error free is controlled by spindle forces

Accurate segregation of chromosomes, essential for the stability of the genome, depends on 'bi-orientation'-simultaneous attachment of each individual chromosome to both poles of the mitotic spindle. On bi-oriented chromosomes, kinetochores (macromolecular complexes that attach the chromosome to the spindle) reside on the opposite sides of the chromosome's centromere. In contrast, sister kinetochores shift towards one side of the centromere on 'syntelic' chromosomes that erroneously attach to one spindle pole with both sister kinetochores. Syntelic attachments often arise during spindle assembly and must be corrected to prevent chromosome loss. It is assumed that restoration of proper centromere architecture occurs automatically owing to elastic properties of the centromere. Here we test this assumption by combining laser microsurgery and chemical biology assays in cultured mammalian cells. We find that kinetochores of syntelic chromosomes remain juxtaposed on detachment from spindle microtubules. These findings reveal that correction of syntelic attachments involves an extra step that has previously been overlooked: external forces must be applied to move sister kinetochores to the opposite sides of the centromere. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the shape of the centromere is important for spindle assembly, because bipolar spindles do not form in cells lacking centrosomes when multiple chromosomes with juxtaposed kinetochores are present. Thus, proper architecture of the centromere makes an important contribution to achieving high fidelity of chromosome segregation.     

The Karyotypes,C-banding Patterns and AgNORs of Epinephelus malabaricus

0　IntroductionThestudyonfishchromosomeswasstartedabroadinthethirtiesofthetwentiethcentury .Butduetoimperfectfixedmethodsandtechniques ,determinationwasstronglysubjective ,inadditionfishchromosomesbeingmuchsmallerthanthoseofhumanspeciesandothermammals ,plantsandinsects ,thereliabilityofearlyresearchresultswasratherdeviated .Afterthefifties ,thepreparation ,observationmethodsandtechniquesofhumanchromo someswereconstantlyimproved ,andin 1 970s ,variouschromosomebandingtechniqueswereestablished .…