陆地生态系统土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性研究进展

在全球变化背景下,土壤有机碳的分解及其温度敏感性在陆地生态系统碳循环中的重要性备受关注。温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀)微小的变化都可能导致未来土壤碳库大小评估的巨大偏差,充分了解土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性的调控机理对预测未来土壤碳变化具有重要意义。笔者对国内外已有研究进行分析,比较培养温度模式、底物质量、物理化学保护和微生物属性对土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性的影响。结果发现:(1)与传统的恒温模式相比,变温培养模式更好地克服了土壤微生物对恒定培养温度的适应性以及不同培养温度下底物消耗不均的缺点,能够更加准确地估算Q₁₀。(2)较多的研究发现难分解有机碳的Q₁₀大于易分解有机碳的Q₁₀,但也有研究发现难分解有机碳的Q₁₀并不比易分解有机碳的Q₁₀高,这主要是由于土壤有机碳库的异质性造成的。(3)团聚体和矿物吸附保护通过改变底物有效性或者反应位点的底物浓度来影响土壤有机碳分解的温度敏感性。(4)微生物的生理特性、群落组成和结构也会对温度敏感性造成影响,温度变化会造成土壤微生物群落组成及其相关生理特征的变化,进一步引起相关功能基因丰度的改变,从而改变有机碳分解的温度敏感性。土壤有机碳分解及其温度敏感性是全球气候变化对碳循环影响研究中很重要的一部分,对它的精确估算有利于完善全球气候变化模型,对准确预测未来全球气候变化具有重要意义。     

陆地生态系统土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性研究进展

在全球变化背景下,土壤有机碳的分解及其温度敏感性在陆地生态系统碳循环中的重要性备受关注。温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀)微小的变化都可能导致未来土壤碳库大小评估的巨大偏差,充分了解土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性的调控机理对预测未来土壤碳变化具有重要意义。笔者对国内外已有研究进行分析,比较培养温度模式、底物质量、物理化学保护和微生物属性对土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性的影响。结果发现:(1)与传统的恒温模式相比,变温培养模式更好地克服了土壤微生物对恒定培养温度的适应性以及不同培养温度下底物消耗不均的缺点,能够更加准确地估算Q₁₀。(2)较多的研究发现难分解有机碳的Q₁₀大于易分解有机碳的Q₁₀,但也有研究发现难分解有机碳的Q₁₀并不比易分解有机碳的Q₁₀高,这主要是由于土壤有机碳库的异质性造成的。(3)团聚体和矿物吸附保护通过改变底物有效性或者反应位点的底物浓度来影响土壤有机碳分解的温度敏感性。(4)微生物的生理特性、群落组成和结构也会对温度敏感性造成影响,温度变化会造成土壤微生物群落组成及其相关生理特征的变化,进一步引起相关功能基因丰度的改变,从而改变有机碳分解的温度敏感性。土壤有机碳分解及其温度敏感性是全球气候变化对碳循环影响研究中很重要的一部分,对它的精确估算有利于完善全球气候变化模型,对准确预测未来全球气候变化具有重要意义。     

基于ArcGIS的土壤有机碳密度及储量计算

文章建立了基于栅格GIS的计算方法,以GIS空间分析模型为基础,在ArcGIS支持下,提取模型所需数据,实现栅格图层空间叠合运算及统计分析,获得了土壤有机碳密度分布图,并统计了土壤有机碳储量;以安徽省舒城县土壤为例进行分析,与土壤类型法比较,由于GIS方法的空间插值计算考虑了决定土壤有机碳密度及储量的土壤属性空间变异性,获得了较精确的结果,为统计土壤有机碳密度及储量提供了一个可能的途径。     

气候变化对黑土有机碳库影响模拟研究

以黑龙江海伦为研究地点，利用CENTURY模型模拟了自然状态下的黑土在1953—2000年实际气象条件及以此为基础的9种气候变化情景下的土壤有机碳(0～20cm)。模拟结果表明，自然状态下的黑土在48年间实际气象条件下，土壤有机碳含量产生了波动；不同气候变化情景的模拟结果表明，温度升高或降水量的减少能够降低土壤有机碳含量，相反则有利于其升高，其中气温是影响黑土有机碳变化的主要气候因素。当气温升高2口时，无论降水量不变、减少或增加20％，都能导致土壤有机碳含量下降。温度升高且降水量减少模式下的土壤有机碳含量最低，温度降低且降水量增加模式下的土壤有机碳含量最高。     

Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply

The world's soils store more carbon than is present in biomass and in the atmosphere. Little is known, however, about the factors controlling the stability of soil organic carbon stocks and the response of the soil carbon pool to climate change remains uncertain. We investigated the stability of carbon in deep soil layers in one soil profile by combining physical and chemical characterization of organic carbon, soil incubations and radiocarbon dating. Here we show that the supply of fresh plant-derived carbon to the subsoil (0.6-0.8 m depth) stimulated the microbial mineralization of 2,567 +/- 226-year-old carbon. Our results support the previously suggested idea that in the absence of fresh organic carbon, an essential source of energy for soil microbes, the stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers is maintained. We propose that a lack of supply of fresh carbon may prevent the decomposition of the organic carbon pool in deep soil layers in response to future changes in temperature. Any change in land use and agricultural practice that increases the distribution of fresh carbon along the soil profile could however stimulate the loss of ancient buried carbon.     

低分子量有机酸作用下土壤矿物钾释放机制

低分子量有机酸作用下含钾矿物和土壤钾的释放是酸性水解和络合溶解双重作用的表面化学反应过程.草酸具有较强的酸性水解和络合能力,活化钾的能力最强,能够有效地活化土壤矿物钾.苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、乙酸和乳酸亦可有效地促进自云母和钾长石的分解,但受土壤物质组成和土壤颗粒表面作用的影响,活化土壤矿物钾的能力比较低.     

Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change

Significantly more carbon is stored in the world's soils--including peatlands, wetlands and permafrost--than is present in the atmosphere. Disagreement exists, however, regarding the effects of climate change on global soil carbon stocks. If carbon stored belowground is transferred to the atmosphere by a warming-induced acceleration of its decomposition, a positive feedback to climate change would occur. Conversely, if increases of plant-derived carbon inputs to soils exceed increases in decomposition, the feedback would be negative. Despite much research, a consensus has not yet emerged on the temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition. Unravelling the feedback effect is particularly difficult, because the diverse soil organic compounds exhibit a wide range of kinetic properties, which determine the intrinsic temperature sensitivity of their decomposition. Moreover, several environmental constraints obscure the intrinsic temperature sensitivity of substrate decomposition, causing lower observed 'apparent' temperature sensitivity, and these constraints may, themselves, be sensitive to climate.     

莫莫格湿地土壤有机碳与络合态铁的动态变化

以莫莫格芦苇沼泽、芦苇-羊草草甸和羊草草甸3种类型湿地土壤为对象,研究了土壤总有机碳(TOC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)和络合态铁的动态变化情况.结果表明:3种类型湿地土壤TOC含量芦苇沼泽最高,羊草草旬次之,芦苇-羊草草甸最低;土壤络合态铁含量变化规律与TOC变化相同;土壤DOC含量则表现为羊草草甸最高,芦苇-羊草草甸次之,芦苇沼泽最低.随着土层深度的增加,湿地土壤TOC、DOC以及络合态铁含量都表现为自表层向深层递减的规律.相关性分析表明:从垂直动态变化看,土壤络合态铁与土壤TOC、DOC含量均有正相关关系;从季节变化看,络合态铁与TOC的季节变化呈负相关关系;芦苇沼泽和羊草草甸的土壤DOC含量与络合态铁含量季节变化趋势完全相反,二者呈显著负相关关系;芦苇-羊草草甸的DOC含量与络合态铁含量的季节变化呈显著正相关.     

上海城市绿地土壤有机碳、全氮分布特征

选择上海市中心城区公园、道路、街头等样地,研究了城市绿地土壤有机碳、全氮的分布特征及其在不同利用方式下各土壤剖面的含量变化。结果表明:上海城市绿地土壤有机碳、全氮平均含量分别为11.21、1.06 g/kg,其中有机碳含量以0～10 g/kg和10～20 g/kg为主,分别占全部的47.18%、47.18%,全氮含量以0.5～1.0 g/kg和1.0～1.5 g/kg为主,分别占全部的49.56%和39.80%;与上海市郊区农田土壤相比,中心城区绿地土壤有机碳平均含量低5.68g/kg,幅度为33.63%,全氮平均含量低0.89 g/kg,幅度为45.64%;与第2次土壤普查上海数据相比,上海中心城区绿地土壤有机碳含量下降了10.19 g/kg,降幅为47.62%,全氮含量下降了0.18 g/kg,降幅为14.52%。不同利用方式下城市绿地土壤有机碳、全氮含量从大到小顺序为公园、街头、道路,且差异主要与人为养护水平有关;城市绿地土壤有机碳、全氮含量随剖面深度增加呈下降趋势,且表层均显著高于下层(p<0.05)。回归分析表明,城市土壤有机碳、全氮之间满足显著线性关系,符合方程y=0.056 3x+0.430 5。研究结果表明,提高土壤养护水平,降低人为活动影响强度是增加城市绿地土壤有机碳、全氮的重要途径。     

广西森林土壤有机碳储量估算及空间格局特征

准确估算森林土壤有机碳库,研究其空间格局特征是陆地碳循环研究的关键与热点。利用森林资源连续清查样地资料,结合土壤剖面实测数据,估算广西森林土壤有机碳蓄积,分析不同经度、纬度、海拔的土壤有机碳密度的分布特征。研究结果表明:广西森林土壤有机碳 1 852.5 Tg,其中红壤和赤红壤土壤碳约占76.1%,是土壤有机碳储量的重要组成部分。广西森林土壤碳密度为12.13 kg/m²,碳密度低于全国平均水平,地带性土壤有机碳密度大小顺序为黄壤>红壤>赤红壤>砖红壤。森林土壤有机碳密度的空间分布总体上有北部高于南部、四周高于中部的规律。从三向地带性上看,碳密度均呈现出高—低—高的“U型”分布,有机碳密度低值区域主要是受岩溶地区的影响。     

Capacity of soil to protect organic carbon and biochemical characteristics of density fractions in Ziwulin Haplic Greyxems soil

Physical protection is one of the important ways to stabilize organic carbon in soils. In order to understand the role of soils as a carbon sink or source in global climatic change and carbon cycles and properly manage soils as a carbon sink, we ought to know how many organic carbon (OC) in a given soil could be protected. By a density fractionation approach and ultrasonic technique, each soils ample was divided into three fractions: free light fraction (free-LF), occluded fraction (occluded-LF) and heavy fraction (HF). The obtained fractions were analyzed for total OC content, carbohydrate content and recalcitrant OC content. The results showed: ( i ) In the whole soil profile, dominance of OC consistently decreased in the following order: HF, free-LF, occluded-LF. This suggested that OC in soils were mostly protected. From 0---10 to 60---80 cm horizons, the OC in free-LF decreased from 25.27% to 3.72%, while OC in HF they were increased from 72.57% to 95.39%. The OC in occluded-LF was between 2.16% and 0.89%. (ii) Organic carbon recalcitrance in free-LF was similar to that in HF, and was even higher than that in HF below the surface horizon. This suggested that free-LF was not always the most fresh and non-decomposed fraction. OM quality of HF was higher than that of free-LF in the surface 10 cm below, namely the protected OM had higher quality than free OM in these horizons.     

荒漠化逆转地区耕层土壤有机碳时空动态研究

以陕西省榆林市为例研究荒漠化逆转地区耕层土壤有机碳时空动态特征．研究表明近20年来耕层土壤有机碳质量分数、密度和储量分别增加了0．510g／kg,0.161kg／m^2,10．78Gg．这表明自然植被恢复、人工种草、退耕还草等土地利用／覆被变化措施能显著提高荒漠化地区土壤固碳能力．     

三峡库区森林土壤有机碳空间分布模型的建立

森林土壤有机碳(SOC)深度分布模式影响其稳定性,一般下层SOC较上层稳定。笔者选取三峡库区秭归县马尾松林地、退耕林地、针阔混交林地等3类森林类型的黄壤、黄棕壤、石灰土、紫色土等4类土壤类型共12种组合,通过典型地段取样法构建研究区SOC密度的深度分布模型,确立模型参数与土壤性质的回归关系,确定土壤传递函数(PTFs)方程式。结果表明:森林类型仅在土壤表层影响SOC密度,土壤类型对SOC密度影响不显著,土壤质地对各深度层SOC密度影响显著; 黏土表层SOC密度比砂质土高,SOC密度随深度下降的速率受土壤质地和森林类型的影响,黏土SOC下降速率高于砂质土; 通过森林类型和土壤质地信息,构建的模型可以预测SOC深度分布模式; 运用构建的模型估算出三峡库区黑沟小流域30 cm土层内SOC储量约为(5 290.32±74.85)t,0～100 cm土层SOC储量约为(8 280.87±120.98)t,0～30 cm土层SOC储量约占整个剖面层的63.89%。     

Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon of alpine meadow in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

A study on the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the alpine meadow in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been carried out. The results indicate that the content of soil organic carbon (C _SOC) in the topsoil of terrace meadow (TM) ((67.16 ± 1.02) g·kg⁻¹) is more than that in the soil of upland meadow (UM) ((63.42 ± 0.65) g·kg⁻¹), while the C _SOC in upland shrubland (US) ((67.49 ± 0.83) g·kg⁻¹) is the most abundant in the scoreh stage (September). From May to September, the C _SOC in the topsoil of UM and US tends to descend, but that of TM tends to ascend. As for the distribution of the C _SOC and the density of SOC in the soil in the three sample areas, the data show that the deeper the soil, the lesser the content and density of SOC. The C _SOC in US is higher than that in TM and UM; the C _SOC in UM is the lowest at 0–10 cm soil depth. The density of SOC in US is always the lowest among UM, TM, and US at 0–40 cm depth, which shows that the storage of carbon in UM is more than that in US in the same range; the carbon pool capacity in UM is higher than that in US in the same range. Biography: ZHANG Wei (1979–), male, Lecturer, research direction: ecology of environment.     

不同退化程度高寒草地土壤有机碳分布特征

在青海省三江源区选择了甘德县青珍乡高寒草甸和玛多县花石峡镇高寒草原典型样区,各划分5种不同退化程度样地(未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极度退化),分层采集0~10,10~20和20~30 cm不同深度土层样品,分析土壤有机碳含量。结果表明:研究区内高寒草地土壤表土有机碳含量及有机碳密度均随退化程度的加剧和土层的加深呈显著下降,各退化程度间均差异极显著(P0.01)。与原生植被相比,轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极度退化下0~30 cm土层有机碳含量在青珍样地分别平均降低了21.7%,38.8%,67.4%和79.6%,花石峡样地分别平均降低了19.4%,44.4%,67.0%和79.7%。表层土壤有机碳及有机碳密度在生态系统退化下变化剧烈,不同土层不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤有机碳含量及有机碳密度均高于高寒草原草地,估计退化下土壤有机碳密度平均下降了16 t/hm2,累积退化下表土有机碳损失可能在12 Pg以上。     

科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿对土壤有机碳积累的影响

通过田间小区取样,研究了科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）人工固沙林0～50cm土层在0、5、10、22年的时间序列上土壤有机碳动态。结果表明,各层次土壤有机碳含量和储量随小叶锦鸡儿种植年限的增加而增加。小叶锦鸡儿5年处理与0年处理在0～50cm深度有机碳储量差异不显著;5～10年处理土壤有机碳储量快速增加,10-22年处理增加速度相对趋缓。土壤有机碳动态变化的研究结果表明,种植小叶锦鸡儿人工林是科尔沁沙地生态系统恢复重建的一项切实可行的林业工程措施。     

Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature

Our understanding of the relationship between the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil temperature affects our predictions of the impact of climate change on soil-stored carbon. One current opinion is that the decomposition of soil labile carbon is sensitive to temperature variation whereas resistant components are insensitive. The resistant carbon or organic matter in mineral soil is then assumed to be unresponsive to global warming. But the global pattern and magnitude of the predicted future soil carbon stock will mainly rely on the temperature sensitivity of these resistant carbon pools. To investigate this sensitivity, we have incubated soils under changing temperature. Here we report that SOM decomposition or soil basal respiration rate was significantly affected by changes in SOM components associated with soil depth, sampling method and incubation time. We find, however, that the temperature sensitivity for SOM decomposition was not affected, suggesting that the temperature sensitivity for resistant organic matter pools does not differ significantly from that of labile pools, and that both types of SOM will therefore respond similarly to global warming.     

秸秆还田对水溶性有机碳的影响

水溶性有机碳对农业土壤中的碳循环有着重要的作用.通过持续6年的田间试验来研究玉米秸秆还田对土壤水溶性有机碳的影响,共有3种处理(1)对照;(2)粉碎还田;(3)覆盖还田.结果表明,在6年的秸秆还田试验中,秸秆还田能够增加土壤有机碳和水溶性有机碳的含量(P＜0.05),主要是增加了大团聚体组分中有机碳和水溶性有机碳的含量.秸秆不同还田方式对土壤有机碳和水溶性有机碳并没有显著的影响,土壤水溶性有机碳和土壤有机碳有很好的相关性(R2=0.512).     

人工林土壤有机碳组分的化学结构特征分析

为揭示人工林土壤有机碳组分的稳定性维持机制,以云南松人工林为研究对象,利用土壤有机碳化学分组方法,结合元素分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析等多种研究手段,研究土壤三种稳定有机碳组分化学结构特征的差异.结果表明,云南松人工林地土壤三种有机碳组分(胡敏酸HA、富里酸FA和胡敏素HM)具有相似的化学结构和官能团组成,主要含有酚羟基、少量脂族烃基、羧基、酮型羟基、酰胺基团和少量碳水化合物.但随土壤剖面深度增加,土壤有机碳组分的官能团特征存在差异.剖面深层土壤HA中富含脂肪族基团,至亚表层土壤中HA脂肪族基团含量减少,表层土HA中未显示含有脂肪族基团.研究表明,脂肪族基团与土壤有机碳组分稳定性的维持有密切关系.该结果从官能团结构特征角度为揭示人工林土壤有机碳化学稳定机制提供了科学依据.