森林冠层上湍流尺度、耗散率和湍流结构参数

利用新型三维超声风速/温度仪,在中国东北长白山原始森林冠层以上观测的湍流资料,计算并分析了森林冠层上的湍涡特征长度尺度、湍流动量和热量耗散率、湍流动量和热量结构参数的特征.结果表明:湍流动量湍涡特征长度尺度与稳定度参数Z/L成正相关;湍流热量特征长度尺度与稳定度参数Z/L在不稳定层结时,成正相关,在稳定层结时近似成负相关;在不稳定和稳定层结大气中,利用湍流谱方法和利用风速垂直分量方差、温度脉动方差和Richardson数计算的湍流动量、热量耗散率和湍流动量、热量结构参数有较好的一致性;无量纲湍流结构参数C2vz2/3σ- 2w和C2Tz2/3σ-2T是Richardson数的函数;湍流热力结构参数 C2T与感热通量 w′T′具有较好的线性关系.     

森林冠层上湍流尺度、耗散率和湍流结构参数

利用新型三维超声风速／温度仪，在中国东北长白山原始森林冠层以上观测的湍流资料，计算并分析了森林冠层上的湍涡特征长度尺度、湍流动量和热量耗散率、湍流动量和热量结构参数的特征。结果表明：湍流动量湍涡特征长度尺度与稳定度参数Z／L成正相关；湍流热量特征长度尺度与稳定度参数Z／L在不稳定层结时，成正相关，在稳定层结时近似成负相关；在不稳定和稳定层结大气中，利用湍流谱方法和利用风速垂直分量方差、温度脉动方差和Richardson数计算湍流动量、热量耗散率和湍流动量、热量结构参数有较好的一致性；无量纲湍流结构参数Cv^2z^2/3σω^-2和CT^2z^2/3σT^-2是Richardson数的函数；湍流热力结构参数CT^2与感热通量——↑ω′T′具有较好的线性关系。     

平坦沙地的空气动力学粗糙度变化及其物理意义

利用风温廓线法测定了不同大气稳定度下的空气动力学粗糙度，以跃移传感器（saltiphone）记录的瞬时最小跃移通量观测瞬时起动摩阻风速.观测数据表明：空气动力学粗糙度随着大气稳定度变化而呈现明显的变化，近中性层结下其平均值在（1.2—4.5）×10^-5m之间，不稳定层结的平均值在(0.5—1.1）×10^-4m之间，稳定层结的平均值在3×10^-6—2×10^-5m之间，不稳定层结空气动力学粗糙度高，稳定层结的低，近中性层结介于两者之间；3种大气稳定度下跃移过程的平均空气动力学粗糙度高于无跃移过程，近中性层结无跃移过程的平均空气动力学粗糙度在1—3×10^-5m之间；野外测定的每日平均起动摩阻风速在0.19—0.26m·s^-1之间变化.观测与模拟结果表明近中性层结地表无跃移过程下测定的空气动力学粗糙度对起动摩阻风速是有效的，而非中性层结下测定的空气动力学粗糙度对起动摩阻风速对起动摩阻风速的作用不显著，这能够从物理机制上得到说明.大气稳定度虽然对起动摩阻风速影响不大，但是否影响到风蚀强度还需要进一步的研究.     

六水合氯化铁及七水合硫酸亚铁的导热系数的测量研究

用热敏电阻作加热元件和测温元件 ,采用比较法首次测定了适合用作相变储能材料的六水合氯化铁、七水合硫酸亚铁在 10～ 80℃的导热系数 ,其实验导热系数的不准确度依次为 :± 2 .4 8%和± 2 .31% .同时 ,还报道了实验中观测到的六水合氯化铁、七水合硫酸亚铁的熔点依次为 35℃和 6 5℃ ,这些测量值在 1～ 2℃的误差范围内与文献值吻合     

基于长期监测数据的某悬索桥桥位近处风场特性分析

为了对大桥抗风评估提供可靠依据,结合东海某大跨度悬索桥的风场监测系统,对该桥桥面及桥塔处的风速进行长期监测,采用统计方法及频谱分析对桥位处风速随高度变化、湍流强度、阵风因子以及脉动风的功率谱密度等进行分析.研究结果表明:无量纲幂指数在低风速时较不稳定,随风速增大而减小并趋于平稳,高风速下其统计均值为0.161,大于规范建议值;湍流强度亦随风速增大而减小并趋于平稳,可采用指数函数加以拟合,桥面高度处强风的顺风向、横风向及竖向湍流强度均值分别为0.180 6,0.156 4及0.078 7,亦大于规范建议值;阵风因子与湍流强度之间近似呈线性关系;强风的水平及竖向风谱与规范谱吻合较好,但实测谱值在低频段偏低.     

新生荷斯坦犊牛心脏右心室的解剖学观测

对新生荷斯坦犊牛心脏右心室结构进行了观测。结果 :右心室内除室上嵴外均有发达肉柱分布 ;肺动脉半月瓣结呈短柱状 ,出现率为 62 % ;流入道、流出道长度分别为 ( 5 46± 0 5 6)cm和 ( 6 98± 0 90 )cm ,厚度分别为 ( 0 96± 0 1 0 )cm和 ( 1 0 8± 0 1 2 )cm ;右房室口、肺动脉口纤维环周径为 ( 5 5 3± 0 74)cm和 ( 4 49± 0 5 3)cm。     

木林子自然保护区河谷樱花群落特征分析

在野外调查的基础上,运用群落学研究方法,对湖北鹤峰县木林子自然保护区樱花群落进行了研究。结果表明:1在所调查的2 500 m2样地中,共有维管束植物213种,隶属于87科169属;种-多度格局及Raunkiaer频度结果分析显示,该群落物种分布不均匀且植被存在分化和演化的趋势,Raunkiaer频度定律表现为ABCDE。2群落植物区系属的分布类型可分为13种,以温带性质居多占54.86%,热带成分占42.36%,中国特有分布占2.78%,植物区系具有明显的过渡性。3群落垂直结构可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层;高度在3~7 m集中了乔木层的多数物种,说明整个群落的高度不高;此外,群落郁闭度不高,草本层有较多的阳性杂草。4重要值分析表明野生早樱、尾叶樱和盐肤木为该群落乔木层的优势种群,其重要值分别为12.657%、10.570%和9.577%;灌木层的优势树种为马银花、水马桑和阔叶箬竹,他们的重要值分别为7.890%、7.465%和6.805%。5立木级分析表明,野生早樱、尾叶樱、柳杉、华桑等为衰退种群,而短柄枹、构树、山胡椒等为增长种群。该地区的樱花群落是一种不稳定的森林群落,加大樱花资源的引种开发是保护该类植物的最佳手段。     

城市粗糙子层湍流能谱特征分析

对南京市委党校两个不同高度层湍流速度谱特性分析表明:(1)近中性情况下,两层湍流动能密度均大于平坦草地上结果,并且低层湍流动能密度大于高层,高层的湍流比低层的湍流更接近局地各向同性,说明城市粗糙子层的湍流生成率要高于草地上的结果,并且越靠近冠层顶部,湍流的生成率越高,湍流越偏离局地各向同性.两层都有约20%的能谱出现了谱隙,湍流次尺度的平均量级与粗糙元的平均尺度比较接近,城市粗糙子层中粗糙元效应比较明显.(2)两层湍流动能耗散率随稳定度变化,中性情况下,粗糙子层中两层湍流动能耗散率均大于平坦草原上的结果,并且低层的值要高于高层;不稳定情况下,粗糙子层中湍流动能耗散率随不稳定度增加的增长率要高于草地上结果,稳定情况下,两者相差不大.     

2016年初夏一次局地强对流天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料、区域自动站加密观测资料和郑州多普勒雷达产品,对2016年6月4日新乡地区一次局地性强并伴有雷暴大风、冰雹和短时强降水等灾害性天气的强对流天气过程的环境背景和多普勒雷达产品特征进行了分析.结果表明:高低层温度平流差动加强了层结不稳定,为对流天气提供了良好的环境背景条件;入流气流温湿状况及雷暴高压的出流可影响新生对流的发生发展;多普勒雷达产品对强对流天气的预报预警有较强的指示作用.     

城市中湍流和能量通量的观测分析:以榆中县为例

利用"城市气象/示踪外场试验"期间(2011年10月1-14日)在兰州市榆中县城区获取的观测资料,分析了城区内的湍流统计特征和地表能量收支状况.结果表明,白天城区内大气为中等不稳定层结,而夜间则接近于中性;计算的无量纲相似关系式与其他城市的结果较为一致;反照率日变化呈现非对称U型结构,日出日落时刻反照率较大,白天较小且接近于常数0.14.白天能量输送以感热为主,感热和潜热占净辐射的比例分别为23%和2%,波文比为11.白天热储量占净辐射的比例高达75%,而夜间两者大小相当.夜间热储量的释放可以抵消甚至超过损失的长波辐射,从而促进城市热岛现象的发生.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the