西藏江孜县沙拉岗锑（金）矿区重力流沉积特征

对西藏江孜县沙拉岗锑 (金 )矿区的沉积相进行了划分 ,并重点阐述了颇具特色的各种重力流沉积 (滑动沉积、碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积 ) ,为分析研究锑 (金 )成矿作用提供了丰富的基础资料。     

三江地区阿中陆缘弧火山沉积作用与古环境恢复

岛弧从水下生长到水上其沉积环境也发生了演变 ,西藏东部三江地区中段的情况就是如此 ,厚度大于 1 2 1 0 m的上三叠统哇曲组 (T3w)由弧火山岩夹碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩组成 ,沉积相自下而上由海底扇发展到河流相。与此相对应的火山熔岩流形态也发生了变化 ,从下而上由块状向块体或枕状体的变化说明这是渐进的浅水环境。综合火山 -沉积物特征的研究 ,表明陆缘弧曾经历了水下浸没的深水环境而后上升到陆上环境的过程     

High temperatures in the Late Cretaceous Arctic Ocean

To understand the climate dynamics of the warm, equable greenhouse world of the Late Cretaceous period, it is important to determine polar palaeotemperatures. The early palaeoceanographic history of the Arctic Ocean has, however, remained largely unknown, because the sea floor and underlying deposits are usually inaccessible beneath a cover of floating ice. A shallow piston core taken from a drifting ice island in 1970 fortuitously retrieved unconsolidated Upper Cretaceous organic-rich sediment from Alpha ridge, a submarine elevated feature of probable oceanic origin. A lack of carbonate in the sediments from this core has prevented the use of traditional oxygen-isotope palaeothermometry. Here we determine Arctic palaeotemperatures from these Upper Cretaceous deposits using TEX86, a new palaeothermometer that is based on the composition of membrane lipids derived from a ubiquitous component of marine plankton, Crenarchaeota. From these analyses we infer an average sea surface temperature of approximately 15 degrees C for the Arctic Ocean about 70 million years ago. This calibration point implies an Equator-to-pole gradient in sea surface temperatures of approximately 15 degrees C during this interval and, by extrapolation, we suggest that polar waters were generally warmer than 20 degrees C during the middle Cretaceous (approximately 90 million years ago).     

Ploughing the deep sea floor

Bottom trawling is a non-selective commercial fishing technique whereby heavy nets and gear are pulled along the sea floor. The direct impact of this technique on fish populations and benthic communities has received much attention, but trawling can also modify the physical properties of seafloor sediments, water–sediment chemical exchanges and sediment fluxes. Most of the studies addressing the physical disturbances of trawl gear on the seabed have been undertaken in coastal and shelf environments, however, where the capacity of trawling to modify the seafloor morphology coexists with high-energy natural processes driving sediment erosion, transport and deposition. Here we show that on upper continental slopes, the reworking of the deep sea floor by trawling gradually modifies the shape of the submarine landscape over large spatial scales. We found that trawling-induced sediment displacement and removal from fishing grounds causes the morphology of the deep sea floor to become smoother over time, reducing its original complexity as shown by high-resolution seafloor relief maps. Our results suggest that in recent decades, following the industrialization of fishing fleets, bottom trawling has become an important driver of deep seascape evolution. Given the global dimension of this type of fishery, we anticipate that the morphology of the upper continental slope in many parts of the world’s oceans could be altered by intensive bottom trawling, producing comparable effects on the deep sea floor to those generated by agricultural ploughing on land.     

Numerical simulation on the evolution of sediment waves caused by turbidity currents

Interest in the forming mechanism of sediment waves increases recently because of its significance on submarine engineering, sedimentary dynamics and hydrocarbon reservoir prediction in deep water. In this paper, the time-averaged continuity equations and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are applied in the numerical simulation of fluid dynamics. The modeling results are used to illuminate the effects of topography on turbidity current and explore the origin of submarine sediment waves. The research results show that (1) deposition occurs firstly at the lower ramp due to the deceleration of fluid, increase of density, loss of flow capacity and longer duration of flow passage; (2) density increase at the upslope due to the local jam results in velocity decrease and pressure increase; (3) sediment waves begin to be formed and migrated toward upstream in an area far away from the source with in- crease of the turbidity events; (4) deposition becomes more slowly with decrease of grain sizes, but the shape and sequences of these deposits are controlled by topography, not grain size.     

Disaster Reduction Decision Support System Against Debris Flows and Landslides Along Highway in Mountainous Area

Highways in mountainous areas are easy to be damaged by such natural disasters as debris flows and landslides and disaster reduction decision support system (DRDSS) is one of the important means to mitigate these disasters. Guided by the theories and technologies of debris flow and landslide reduction and supported by geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing and database techniques, a DRDSS against debris flow and landslide along highways in mountainous areas has been established on the basis of such principles as pertinence, systematicness, effectiveness, easy to use, open and expandability. The system consists of database, disaster analysis models and decisions on reduction of debris flows and landslides, mainly functioning to zone disaster dangerous degree, analyze debris flow activity,simulate debris flow deposition and diffusion, analyze landslide stability, select optimal highway renovation scheme and plan disaster prevention and control ergineering. This system has been applied successfully to the debris flow and landslide treatment works along Palongzangbu Section of Sichuan-Tibet Highway.     

小流域中-低频泥石流与山洪输沙比例的讨论:以金沙江支流海子沟为例

泥石流山洪输沙比是工程防治设计的重要参数。本文以金沙江支流海子沟为例,调访了近115a的泥石流活动历史,查明了1996年一次最大规模泥石流运动参数,采用雨洪法计算了不同的泥石流发生频率下泥石流的流量、总量。通过对1899年至今海子沟堰塞坝泥沙淤积的测定,得出海子沟流域每年泥沙淤积量为1.23×10~5 m~3,总输沙量为1.42×107 m~3,流域平均剥蚀速率为1.5mm/a。由不同泥石流频率下海子沟泥石流的固体物质总量,计算出自1963年以来海子沟泥石流输沙量为1.67×10~6 m~3,而此期间山洪泥石流的总输沙量为6.65×10~6 m~3,由此确定海子沟泥石流的输沙量占山洪泥石流输沙总量的25%。而官坝河泥石流、白龙江流域泥石流、蒋家沟泥石流输沙量分别占总输沙量的29.5%、62.9%、99%,泥石流输沙量随着泥石流频率的增加而增加。高频率泥石流工程拦挡仅考虑泥石流输沙量;类似白龙江流域松散固体物质丰富的半干旱气候区泥石流防治拦挡工程需考虑山洪输沙量;而类似官坝河、海子沟中等频率的泥石流沟,需更多考虑山洪输沙量。     

Ice shelves in the Pleistocene Arctic Ocean inferred from glaciogenic deep-sea bedforms

It has been proposed that during Pleistocene glaciations, an ice cap of 1 kilometre or greater thickness covered the Arctic Ocean. This notion contrasts with the prevailing view that the Arctic Ocean was covered only by perennial sea ice with scattered icebergs. Detailed mapping of the ocean floor is the best means to resolve this issue. Although sea-floor imagery has been used to reconstruct the glacial history of the Antarctic shelf, little data have been collected in the Arctic Ocean because of operational constraints. The use of a geophysical mapping system during the submarine SCICEX expedition in 1999 provided the opportunity to perform such an investigation over a large portion of the Arctic Ocean. Here we analyse backscatter images and sub-bottom profiler records obtained during this expedition from depths as great as 1 kilometre. These records show multiple bedforms indicative of glacial scouring and moulding of sea floor, combined with large-scale erosion of submarine ridge crests. These distinct glaciogenic features demonstrate that immense, Antarctic-type ice shelves up to 1 kilometre thick and hundreds of kilometres long existed in the Arctic Ocean during Pleistocene glaciations.     

Depositional architecture and developing settings of large-scale incised valley and submarine gravity flow systems in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, South China Sea

In the Ying-Qiong basins in the South China Sea developed a set of giant inner shelf slope and submarine gravity flow deposits in the Ying-Huang formations since the Late Miocene. These deposits can be classified into 9 sequences in which slope slump-debris flow, slope fan and particularly, the large-scale axial basin-floor incised valley fills have been recognized. They were distributed in a distinctive pattern attributed to tectonic control. The development of shelf slopes and abyssal plains in the basins was related to the last episode of rapid subsidence and a large amount of sediment inputs. Large-scale basin-floor incised valleys, formed during the late Miocene and Pliocene, indicate several major sea level falls that occurred in the South China Sea.     

尼日尔盆地某深水海底扇发育的控制因素

深入分析了深水勘探"金三角"之一的尼日尔盆地某深水海底扇沉积体系的展布特征,提出了限制区—半限制区—非限制区分区控制的深水海底扇相展布模式,认为不同重力流类型对沉积物的搬运能力是不同的,从陆坡顶部向盆地方向,重力流沉积类型存在"蠕动—滑动—滑塌—碎屑流—浊流"的演化过程.对海平面波动和古地貌对深水海底扇发育的控制进行了分析,结果表明:海平面变化控制了深水海底扇发育的规模,古地貌控制了海底扇沉积体系的展布特征.     

东营凹陷东部始新世三角洲供给型重力流沉积特征与模式

基于岩相分析、流体成因解释、平面沉积相和同生断层编图,对渤海湾盆地东辛地区始新统湖相三角洲供给型浊积体系的沉积特征及沉积模式进行研究。结果表明:研究区发育滑动、滑塌、碎屑流和浊流4类9种深水异地沉积过程;三角洲前缘斜坡脚和同生断层下降盘控制了滑动、滑塌体,而断层活动微弱的深水低洼区控制了碎屑流沉积;由于深水沉积区规模小,以及同生断层对局部地貌的控制,深水搬运距离短,导致从滑动、滑塌到浊流的流体转换过程发育不完整,形成以碎屑流或滑塌为主的深水沉积体系;碎屑流主控下的重力流水道可能因为滑水搬运机制而缺乏连续性砂岩沉积;研究有助于深化陆相三角洲供给型重力流沉积的理解,也能为该类砂岩储层的有效预测提供地质模型。     

河南泌阳凹陷双河地区核桃园组第三段重力流沉积研究

本文通过对双河地区核桃园组第三段的岩性、沉积构造、粒度分析和测井相研究,利用电子计算机技术、电镜扫描和X—射线衍射曲线分析等手段,提出区内既有重力流沉积又有牵引流沉积,其中重力流沉积占主导地位。根据主要支掌机制,区内重力流沉积可以分为碎屑流、颗粒流和浊流沉积。重力流可以由滑塌引起,也可以由洪流引起,并具冲积性质。依据沉积背景,结合沉积机理,本文论述了碎屑流沉积的特殊性和部分具有浅水性的特征。并提出了扇三角洲—湖底扇模式,简略阐述了各亚相的沉积特征和空间展布规律。     

深海风暴的原位观测

 深海风暴是高悬浮颗粒浓度水体在深海近海底的快速运动,能够损坏甚至摧毁一切障碍物,改变海底地形,影响深海底栖生态环境,但对其发生过程和沉积记录的认识尚缺乏原位观测研究。选择南海东北部台湾岸外高屏海底峡谷堤岸,通过布放锚系原位观测了2016年9月一次由浊流活动引发深海风暴的沉积物弥散发生过程,发现其表现为近海底悬浮颗粒浓度快速增加,并伴随温度升高和盐度降低。研究认为,深海风暴的沉积物弥散是海底峡谷沉积纹层形成的主要动力过程。     

东营凹陷中央隆起带沙三中洪水重力流浊积水道体系特征

以东营凹陷中央隆起带河155区域沙三中亚段深湖相重力流储层为例,利用岩心、钻井资料、地震数据等,对深湖相高密度洪水浊积水道沉积成因及分布特征进行分析。研究发现,研究区浊积岩中包含较多的碳屑、氧化环境中的泥砾和纹层状红色泥岩层、包卷层理棕红色泥岩等,揭示了高密度洪水事件诱发的深水重力流形成的浊积岩沉积特征。同时岩性上整体以细砂岩-粉砂岩为主,其沉积主体粒度概率曲线具有明显的两段式和三段式特征,且具有底冲刷构造,为明显的深水条件下的洪水诱发型重力流浊积水道特征。通过地震属性及储层分布图研究发现,研究区深水重力流沉积以浊积水道为主,朵页体位于水道末端,且规模较小、发育较差。研究区水道型重力流沉积发育在河125同沉积断层的下降盘,由于构造抬升导致坡度变陡,流体侵蚀能力更强,形成U形或V形侵蚀型水道。砂体沿河125断层滑下后沿沟谷继续向前搬运,受持续性洪水的补给,形成以砂质碎屑流和浊流为主的水道-朵叶体沉积。研究结果对研究区浊积岩的开发及井网调整具有重要的借鉴意义。     

“5.12”地震后阿坝州茂县上门沟泥石流特征及防治措施

汶川大地震引发了大量的崩滑地质灾害,为泥石流提供了丰富的物质来源,高强度降水将引发大规模的泥石流灾害。上门沟泥石流为一条老的泥石流沟,震后其爆发频率显著增加,仅震后3个月内,就发生了2次泥石流,造成房屋、田地被毁。通过对上门沟泥石流的调查,详细分析了其形成条件、基本特征,并对其发展趋势做出了预测。提出了"3道拦砂坝+原有谷坊坝+公路涵洞清淤+防护堤"的综合治理方案,达到了预期治理目的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部长7段深水沉积特征及沉积模式

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组深水沉积砂体的成因类型及沉积模式研究具有较大的争议,而且只用一种成因模式去解释深水沉积系统有一定的局限性。依据对鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7段的野外剖面的观测及部分岩芯观察,基于沉积学相标志分析,对盆地延长组长7段深水沉积砂体特征及沉积模式进行了详细研究,取得了以下认识:首先,划分了研究区深水沉积砂体成因类型,包括风暴岩、滑动岩、滑塌岩、砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积,总结了各类型深水沉积体的识别标志;其次,将研究区深水沉积体系划分为水道化的风暴沉积体系和无水道发育的滑移-滑塌沉积体系;风暴沉积体系划分为水道化风暴岩、水道侧缘及风暴浊积岩朵叶体,为风暴侵蚀成因;滑移-滑塌体系可以分为滑动岩、滑塌岩、碎屑流舌状体、远源浊流沉积,为地震、火山或风暴活动触发三角洲前缘坡折带沉积物失稳滑塌形成。综合砂体成因类型和沉积模式,可以更加直观地研究湖盆深水区沉积物组合及分布规律,为湖盆深水区油气勘探提供理论支撑。     

Self－organization criticality of debris flow rheology

Based on the viewpoint of stress and strain serf-organization criticality of debris flow mass, this paper probes into inter-nonlinear action between different factors in the thixotropic liquefaction system of loose clastic soil on slope to make clastic soil in slope develop naturally towards critical stress status, and slope debris flow finally occurs under trigging by rainstorm. Also according to observation and analysis of self-organization criticality of sediment runoff system of viscous debris flow surges in ravines and power relation between magnitude and frequency of debris flows,this paper expounds similarity of the self-organized structure of debris flow mass. The self-organized critical system is a weak chaotic system. Debris flow occurrences can be predicted accordingly by means of observation at certain time scale and analysis of self-organization criticality of magnitude, frequency and time interval of debris flows.     

Interaction of sea water and lava during submarine eruptions at mid-ocean ridges

Lava erupts into cold sea water on the ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges (at depths of 2,500 m and greater), and the resulting flows make up the upper part of the global oceanic crust. Interactions between heated sea water and molten basaltic lava could exert significant control on the dynamics of lava flows and on their chemistry. But it has been thought that heating sea water at pressures of several hundred bars cannot produce significant amounts of vapour and that a thick crust of chilled glass on the exterior of lava flows minimizes the interaction of lava with sea water. Here we present evidence to the contrary, and show that bubbles of vaporized sea water often rise through the base of lava flows and collect beneath the chilled upper crust. These bubbles of steam at magmatic temperatures may interact both chemically and physically with flowing lava, which could influence our understanding of deep-sea volcanic processes and oceanic crustal construction more generally. We infer that vapour formation plays an important role in creating the collapse features that characterize much of the upper oceanic crust and may accordingly contribute to the measured low seismic velocities in this layer.     

中国滑坡崩塌危险性区划

中国滑坡、崩塌灾害日趋严重,对这两种突发性泥沙灾害进行危险性区划具有重要意义.根据滑坡崩塌发生机理选择危险度的基本指标,建立了基于县市行政区的形成条件数据库和重大灾害数据库.采用突发性泥沙灾害危险性快速区划方法将中国分为高危险度区、较高危险度区、中危险度区、较低危险度区和低危险度区.通过图形的叠加计算,对区划结果与形成条件分布的相关性进行分析.同时采用重大历史灾害分布统计,直接验证了快速区划方法的可靠性.     

Flushing submarine canyons

The continental slope is a steep, narrow fringe separating the coastal zone from the deep ocean. During low sea-level stands, slides and dense, sediment-laden flows erode the outer continental shelf and the continental slope, leading to the formation of submarine canyons that funnel large volumes of sediment and organic matter from shallow regions to the deep ocean(1). During high sea-level stands, such as at present, these canyons still experience occasional sediment gravity flows(2-5), which are usually thought to be triggered by sediment failure or river flooding. Here we present observations from a submarine canyon on the Gulf of Lions margin, in the northwest Mediterranean Sea, that demonstrate that these flows can also be triggered by dense shelf water cascading (DSWC)-a type of current that is driven solely by seawater density contrast. Our results show that DSWC can transport large amounts of water and sediment, reshape submarine canyon floors and rapidly affect the deep-sea environment. This cascading is seasonal, resulting from the formation of dense water by cooling and/or evaporation, and occurs on both high- and low-latitude continental margins(6-8). DSWC may therefore transport large amounts of sediment and organic matter to the deep ocean. Furthermore, changes in the frequency and intensity of DSWC driven by future climate change may have a significant impact on the supply of organic matter to deep-sea ecosystems and on the amount of carbon stored on continental margins and in ocean basins.