陕西五里铺黄土剖面中微量元素地球化学特征

通过对陕西五里铺黄土剖面微量元素的研究,发现古土壤中微量元素含量明显不同于黄土,表明风化成壤过程中不同元素的地球化学行为不同;元素含量的变化实质是气候变化的直接结果,其可以作为气候替代指标;较高的Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Co、Mn含量或低的Rb、Sr含量指示为古土壤,反映植被茂盛,气候湿润温暖;反之,则指示为黄土层,反映气候干冷;揭示全新时期黄土高原南部的气候并非持续温度,有明显的波动,经历了黄土（Lt)→古土壤（S0^2）→黄土（L0^2)→土壤（S0^1)→黄土及现代表土（L0^10）的发展演化阶段。     

河南孟津地区中全新世环境变化及其对人类活动的影响

在河南孟津地区发现全新世古土壤－黄土沉积剖面和湖沼相沉积剖面。作者对这2个剖面之间进行了野外调查,绘制了其间的地层图,并在古土壤-黄土沉积剖面采样,对样品做了粒度、磁化率以及CaCO₃含量分析。通过古土壤－黄土沉积剖面与湖沼相沉积剖面的对比,研究了中全新世孟津地区环境变化及其对人类活动的影响。结果表明孟津地区在7020～5660aBP和4610～3755aBP是古湖泊形成和古土壤发育的时期,气候温暖湿润;在5660～4610aBP孟津地区经历了一次气候波动,湖泊缩小为零星湖沼, 古土壤发育中断;3755～3055aBP湖泊萎缩干涸,黄土开始沉积,气候转向冷干。河南龙山文化时代晚期,湖面水位较高,人类在古土壤上活动;二里头文化时期湖泊萎缩,人类活动向低处转移,湖泊完全干涸时人类开始在干涸的湖相沉积层上活动。     

扶风黄土台塬全新世多周期土壤研究

通过对陕西扶风新店村剖面的土壤学和地层学研究,以及磁化率、全铁和粒度成分分析,认为：周原黄土台塬表面完整的土壤剖面表现为多期发育的复合土壤,是由于全新世季风气候变化,导致以风尘堆积占优势的成黄土期与生物风化成壤占优势的土壤发育期相互更迭造成的;仰韶文化时期的农业耗作是下层古土壤（SO^2）,其主要发育时代为8500-6000aB.P,青铜器时代先周文化时期的耕种土壤是上层土壤（SO^1）,其发育时代是5000-3100aB.P.,这个发育良好的复合土壤又被黄土层（L。）所埋藏覆盖,因而就成为古壤;黄土（L。）是过去3100多年来以降尘堆积为主形成的,它在堆积增长的同时被不断地耕种利用发展农业。     

上海城市绿地土壤有机碳、全氮分布特征

选择上海市中心城区公园、道路、街头等样地,研究了城市绿地土壤有机碳、全氮的分布特征及其在不同利用方式下各土壤剖面的含量变化。结果表明:上海城市绿地土壤有机碳、全氮平均含量分别为11.21、1.06 g/kg,其中有机碳含量以0～10 g/kg和10～20 g/kg为主,分别占全部的47.18%、47.18%,全氮含量以0.5～1.0 g/kg和1.0～1.5 g/kg为主,分别占全部的49.56%和39.80%;与上海市郊区农田土壤相比,中心城区绿地土壤有机碳平均含量低5.68g/kg,幅度为33.63%,全氮平均含量低0.89 g/kg,幅度为45.64%;与第2次土壤普查上海数据相比,上海中心城区绿地土壤有机碳含量下降了10.19 g/kg,降幅为47.62%,全氮含量下降了0.18 g/kg,降幅为14.52%。不同利用方式下城市绿地土壤有机碳、全氮含量从大到小顺序为公园、街头、道路,且差异主要与人为养护水平有关;城市绿地土壤有机碳、全氮含量随剖面深度增加呈下降趋势,且表层均显著高于下层(p<0.05)。回归分析表明,城市土壤有机碳、全氮之间满足显著线性关系,符合方程y=0.056 3x+0.430 5。研究结果表明,提高土壤养护水平,降低人为活动影响强度是增加城市绿地土壤有机碳、全氮的重要途径。     

宁夏长城塬全新世黄土土壤剖面微量元素动态与成壤变化

通过野外考察,在泾河上游的宁夏长城塬面发现完整典型的全新世黄土土壤剖面.在详细观察分析的基础上,进行了土壤地层划分和系统采样.利用X-Ray荧光光谱仪测定分析了V、Co、Ga、As、Y、Nb、La、Ce、Th、U等10种微量元素的含量,揭示了宁夏长城塬全新世黄土土壤剖面微量元素含量变化与成壤变化之间的关系,结果表明:微量元素V、Ga、As、Y、Nb在古土壤(S0)中富集,微量元素Th和U在过渡层中淋溶,而V和As在过渡层中富集.     

宝鸡固川盆地全新世黄土-土壤剖面元素地球化学特征

通过考察,在渭河上游固川盆地发现了含有典型古洪水滞流沉积层的全新世黄土-古土壤剖面.根据地层学对比和光释光(OSL)测年,确定渭河上游流域在3 200~3 000aB.P.发生了特大古洪水事件.通过测定该剖面中的元素含量,获得了一系列的地球化学参数指标,结果显示:地层剖面中古洪水滞流沉积层与其下部的古土壤层和黄土层具有显著的差异,这说明古洪水沉积层与黄土层的物质来源不同;黄土是沙尘暴的直接沉积物,古洪水滞流沉积层则是地表土壤和风化层被流水搬运和沉积过程中发生了二次分选,且其未经过明显的风化成壤改造,因而它又与古土壤的理化性质有明显的区别.全新世气候变化规律的综合分析显示,在万年尺度内的特大洪水一般发生在气候突变转折时期.由于气候波动变化,降水变率增大,特大洪水事件的发生比较频繁.     

渭河阶地全新世成壤过程及人类因素研究

通过对陕西眉县清湫村全新世黄土剖面的野外考察研究、粒度分析和磁化率测定，揭示了在渭河阶地自然地带性土壤褐土的形成过程中，由于气候恶化和风尘堆积，以及仰韶文化期人类农业耕垦和聚落建设活动的影响，造成了某些区域全新世古土壤分裂为两层的现象．根据清湫村全新世黄土剖面层序模式，论证了全新世时期风尘堆积仍在继续，古土壤覆盖层亦具有风尘堆积的性质，但是它们受到历史时期人类耕作活动的改造     

西安狄寨塬全新世的古气候环境

对西安地区全新世以来的环境演变特征进行系统研究,建立该地区全新世以来黄土—古土壤沉积年代序列,揭示其反映的东亚冬、夏季风变迁规律,为预测西安地区乃至中国和全球未来环境的发展趋势提供依据.通过对西安白鹿塬刘家坡典型剖面全新世黄土—古土壤地层的岩性描述、地层划分和对比,结合泾阳县新庄村AMS14 C的年代测定和其他学者的测年数据,建立了该地区全新世以来黄土沉积年代序列.根据磁化率气候替代指标显示的曲线特征,阐述了这一替代指标在剖面上的变化规律,探讨了该黄土剖面所反映的东亚冬、夏季风强弱变化特点,论证和详细分析了西安地区全新世以来环境变化的特征和规律,进而对该剖面磁化率曲线特征与其他学者的孢粉谱建立的温度曲线对比,对西安地区全新世以来古气候的阶段性进行了详细分析和论证.将西安地区10 000年以来的气候演变划分为7个气候阶段.     

塑料大棚耕作模式对抑制农田氮磷流失的作用

根据农田氮、磷流失的途径,通过测试土壤中的全氮和有效磷的含量研究塑料大棚的耕作方式是否能够有效抑制农田氮磷的流失.经测定,下雨前后棚内TN由1.207 g/kg变化到1.209 g/kg,P由70.9 mg/kg变化到70.84 mg/kg;而下雨前后棚外TN由1.194 g/kg变化到1.102 g/kg,P由69.63 mg/kg变化到66.29 mg/kg,相比之下棚外土样的氮磷含量雨后有更明显的减少,证明塑料大棚对抑制农田氮磷的流失是有一定作用的.还指出了此种耕作模式在控制水体富营养化中存在的发展前景.     

不同杨农复合经营模式土壤有机碳和全氮含量 垂直分布及储量研究

对苏北地区3种杨农复合经营模式(宽窄行模式即K模式、片林模式即P模式和网格模式即W模式)的100 cm土体8个土层中土壤有机碳、氮的分布进行研究,结果表明：3种模式土壤有机碳、氮含量及储量的剖面分布均表现出在表层相对较高,都有随土壤剖面深度增加而降低的趋势,且耕作层以下迅速降低。3种模式深度100 cm的土壤有机碳含量变化范围为0.64~1527 g/kg, 全氮含量变化范围0.30~2.09 g/kg;土壤有机碳含量与全氮含量及C/N呈极显著相关关系;100 cm深土壤有机碳储量在3种模式中分别达(71.19±0.72)、(40.67±058)和(42.64±0.56) t/hm2。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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