中国现代地震学的回顾与展望

在国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会（IASPEI）成立100周年之际，我们对20世纪中国现代地震学的发展历史进行了简要回顾，并讨论了作为一门观测科学的地震学的未来发展趋势，20世纪的中国地震学史，可以分成三个时期；20世纪上半叶；1950年代至1970年代；1970年代末至20世纪末，地震学的发展，除取决于科学发展本身的逻辑和观测技术的进步之外，也在很大程度上与地震的发生有着密切的关系。作为一门公益性的应用科学，地震学的发展在相当程度上取决于整个社会的努力。     

Science, truth and history, Part I. Historiography, relativism and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge

Recently, many historians of science have chosen to present their historical narratives from the ‘actors’-eye view’. Scientific knowledge not available within the actors’ culture is not permitted to do explanatory work. Proponents of the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) purport to ground this historiography on epistemological relativism. I argue that they are making an unnecessary mistake: unnecessary because the historiographical genre in question can be defended on aesthetic and didactic grounds; and a mistake because the argument from relativism is in any case incoherent.The argument of the present article is self-contained, but steers clear of metaphysical debates in the philosophy of science. To allay fears of hidden assumptions, the sequel, to be published in the following issue, will consider SSK’s prospects of succour from scientific realism, instrumentalism, and a metaphysical system of Bruno Latour’s own devising.     

文化信息化标准规范CIML建设研究

随着计算机和网络技术的不断发展,信息化建设已成为当今建设的主题。中国作为文明古国有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化资源,因此其文化信息化建设显得尤为重要和复杂。通过对我国文化信息资源的分析,文章通过对文化信息资源分类,用XML语言将其封装,制定了一套文化信息化标准规范,并大胆地提出了CIML和文化信息元数据的概念。有效的解决了由于文化信息化标准不统一,带来的信息采集中数据整理困难和管理中存在的重复做功等现象,推动了文化信息化发展。     

Science, truth and history, part II. Metaphysical bolt-holes for the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge?

Historians of science have frequently sought to exclude modern scientific knowledge from their narratives. Part I of this paper, published in the previous issue, cautioned against seeing more than a literary preference at work here. In particular, it was argued—contra advocates of the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK)—that a commitment to epistemological relativism should not be seen as having straightforward historiographical consequences. Part II considers further SSK-inspired attempts to entangle the currently fashionable historiography with particular positions in the philosophy of science. None, I argue, is promising. David Bloor’s proposed alliance with scientific realism relies upon a mistaken view of contrastive explanation; Andrew Pickering’s appeal to instrumentalism is persuasive for particle physics but much less so for science as a whole; and Bruno Latour’s home-grown metaphysics is so bizarre that its compatibility with SSK is, if anything, a further blow to the latter’s plausibility.     

Unnatural acts: The transition from Natural Principles to Laws of Nature in Early Modern science

This paper's aim is to explain the transition that occurred during the Early Modern period, from Principles of Nature to Laws of Nature. Natural Principles are taken to be innate to substances and arise from their natures, while Laws of Nature are external and imposed from without. The paper takes the view that to explain this transition, one needs to examine the history of philosophical theories of substantial action. It argues that during the late Middle Ages and in the Early Modern era, philosophers began to disentangle substantial actions from the nature of substances. This process of disentangling action eventually led to the concept of Laws of Nature, according to which laws compel a body to act in a certain way even though its nature does not.     

略论城郊开发的现状及其生态学原理

随着城市规模的逐渐扩大,人们对城郊的开发强度也越来越大。人类的活动使城郊地区的景观、环境等发生了巨大的变化。本文从农业、乡镇企业发展、旅游业、养殖加工业、设施建设等方面的现状出发,简略阐述了盲目、过度开发对城郊生态系统产生的危害。并从植物的生活型选择、耐受性定律、生态位原理、植物的他感作用、群落时空格局构建、边缘效应、演替作用、物质循环再生、生态效率以及生物操纵等多角度论述了城郊开发中可用于解决上述问题的生态学原理。     

Retrospective immunofluorescence of specific antigens in stained and balsam embedded sections of the developing amphibian lens

A modification of the indirect immunofluorescent method is proposed for the detection of specific proteins in sections of the developing amphibian lens that were attached using egg albumin, stained and embedded into Canada balsam.     

Retrospective immunofluorescence of specific antigens in stained and balsam embedded sections of the developing amphibian lens

Summary A modification of the indirect immunofluorescent method is proposed for the detection of specific proteins in sections of the developing amphibian lens that were attached using egg albumin, stained and embedded into Canada balsam.Acknowlegments. We thank Dr G. G. Gauze and Dr Olga Hoperskaya for their help in translation of this paper.     

数字图书馆版权适度保护的研究现状及原则分析

归纳总结了国内外有关涉及到数字图书馆的版权保护的立法及学术研究现状.针对版权强化保护及弱化保护的两种观点,作者提出了适度保护的思想,重点阐述了数字图书馆版权适度保护应当遵循的利益平衡原则、系统思考原则和社会受益原则.     

我国高校科技创新到创业的推进机制研究

我国高校每年取得的科技成果在六千项至八千项之间,但是真正实现成果转化与产业化的还不到十分之一.应该转变观念,积极促成高校创新到创业的转化;科技创新与创业由一个部门归口管理,整合科技资源,探索产、学、研一体化的科研体制和运行机制;建立专利服务机构,提供科技成果转化孵化器,发展科技中介,从而健全学校科技成果产业化的链条,推进我国高校创新到创业的转化。     

Wind and orientation of migrating birds: A review

Summary Migratory flights are strongly affected by wind, and birds have developed many adaptations to cope with wind effects. By day, overland migrants at high altitudes may often allow crosswinds to drift their tracks laterally from the preferred heading. In contrast, many birds at low altitude adjust their headings to compensate for drift, and may overcompensate to allow for previous drift. The relative motion of landscape features is probably used to sense drift, at least by day. By night, some overland migrants compensate fully for drift but others do not; no pattern is obvious. Over the sea, compensation is rarely if ever total; wave patterns may allow partial compensation. Other adaptations can include reduction of drift by flying at times and/or altitudes without strong crosswinds. Some birds recognize the need to change course to allow for previous wind displacement, and reorient at least roughly toward the original route or destination. Some juveniles en route to previously-unvisited wintering grounds seem to have this ability, but corroboration is needed. Such reorientation may not require a true navigation ability. However, some birds have unexplained abilities to sense the wind while aloft.     

Statistical mechanics and thermodynamics: A Maxwellian view

One finds, in Maxwell's writings on thermodynamics and statistical physics, a conception of the nature of these subjects that differs in interesting ways from the way they are usually conceived. In particular, though—in agreement with the currently accepted view—Maxwell maintains that the second law of thermodynamics, as originally conceived, cannot be strictly true, the replacement he proposes is different from the version accepted by most physicists today. The modification of the second law accepted by most physicists is a probabilistic one: although statistical fluctuations will result in occasional spontaneous differences in temperature or pressure, there is no way to predictably and reliably harness these to produce large violations of the original version of the second law. Maxwell advocates a version of the second law that is strictly weaker; the validity of even this probabilistic version is of limited scope, limited to situations in which we are dealing with large numbers of molecules en masse and have no ability to manipulate individual molecules. Connected with this is his conception of the thermodynamic concepts of heat, work, and entropy; on the Maxwellian view, these are concept that must be relativized to the means we have available for gathering information about and manipulating physical systems. The Maxwellian view is one that deserves serious consideration in discussions of the foundation of statistical mechanics. It has relevance for the project of recovering thermodynamics from statistical mechanics because, in such a project, it matters which version of the second law we are trying to recover.     

Saturation models: A brief survey and critique

The authors review and compare the papers in this issue on saturation and logistic growth with special emphasis on the structure of the underlying probability models. Influence diagrams are used to illustrate the dependence and independence assumptions and the way in which uncertainty is reflected in key model assumptions and parameters characterizing the models.