未来化学学科的发展趋势

回顾了20世纪化学学科的发展,明确提出化学在推动人类进步和科技发展中起了核心科学的作用,论述了未来化不科发展趋势才研究模式,探讨了相关学科中的基本化学问题。     

Aristotle, Copernicus, Bruno: centrality, the principle of movement and the extension of the Universe

This paper¹ studies the different conceptions of both centrality and the principle or starting point of motion in the Universe held by Aristotle and later on by Copernicanism until Kepler and Bruno. According to Aristotle, the true centre of the Universe is the sphere of the fixed stars. This is also the starting point of motion. From this point of view, the diurnal motion is the fundamental one. Our analysis gives pride of place to De caelo II, 10, a chapter of Aristotle’s text which curiously allows an ‘Alpetragian’ reading of the transmission of motion.In Copernicus and the Copernicans, natural centrality is identified with the geometrical centre and, therefore, the Sun is acknowledged as the body through which the Deity acts on the world and it also plays the role of the principle and starting point of cosmic motion. This motion, however, is no longer diurnal motion, but the annual periodical motion of the planets. Within this context, we pose the question of to what extent it is possible to think that, before Kepler, there is a tacit attribution of a dynamic or motive role to the Sun by Copernicus, Rheticus, and Digges.For Bruno, since the Universe is infinite and homogeneous and the relationship of the Deity with it is one of indifferent presence everywhere, the Universe has no absolute centre, for any point is a centre. By the same token, there is no place that enjoys the prerogative of being—as being the seat of God—the motionless principle and starting point of motion.     

创新文化管理:现代管理的重要内容

翻开当代西方管理学的丛书,有关“组织文化”问题的探索几乎已经成为了必不可少的内容,创新文化建设在我国已成为了管理者关注的一项重要内容,本文将从关于组织文化,文化研究与现代管理科学,影响组织文化的主要因素以及文化的转变的转变、领导者与创新文化建设等四个方面来探讨创新文化管理的问题。     

交叉学科研究推动了生物无机化学学科的发展

本文分为七部分,第一部分对生物无机化学学科发展进行历史回顾;第二部分从回顾史实中用实例表明生物无机化学的研究始终瞄准金属离子和生物配体控制生命过程中的化学问题;第三部分是介绍当今国际上研究核酸领域的争论焦点;第四部分是报导我们设计和合成了作为人工核酸酶的一系列新的配体以及许多不同金属的功能配合物;第五部分是讨论用动力学、热力学和DFT计算方法研究配合物和DNA相互作用的键合机制以及十多种影响因素;第六部分进一步报导配合物的生物功能和它们的应用探索,最后一部分提出在核酸领域的某些新的发展方向和途径。我们进一步提出了配合物的结构与DNA的作用机制以及它们的生物功能之间的规律性。通过配合物的结构改变去调控和改变配合物对DNA键合性质和生物功能。     

Historical development of the Chinese remainder theorem

Communicated by C. Truesdell     

Historical evolution of the concept of homotopic paths

Conclusions The historical evolution of the homotopy concept for paths illustrates how the introduction of a concept (be it implicit or explicit) depends upon the interests of the mathematicians concerned and how it gradually acquires a more satisfactory definition.In our case the equivalence of paths first meant for certain mathematicians that they led to the same value of the integral of a given function or that they led to the same value of a multiple-valued function. (See for instance [Cau], [Pui], [Rie].) Later this dependency upon given functions is dropped (by Jordan for surfaces, by Riemann and most explictly by Poincaré) and this leads to a concept which depends only upon the manifold. It thus becomes a concept which belongs to topology.As a consequence of this hesitant evolution, there was at first a confusion between concepts and hence no attention to relations between them. At a later stage these relations were investigated, as for instance the fact that homotopy equivalence implies homology equivalence: in1882, Klein gave an example of a closed curve on a surface which is the boundary of a part of the surface but could not be shrunk to a point. In 1904, Poincaré explicitly said that this curve is homologue à zéro (null homologous), but not équivalent à zéro (null homotopic). Poincaré obtains the homologies from the fundamental group by allowing changes in the order of the terms in the équivalences. This means also that the equivalences imply homologies but not vice versa.From a methodological standpoint, this situation of using properties without asking about relations between them or without even properly defining them is reminiscent of mathematics of a century earlier. An example is the way differentiability was used for the differentiation of functions without consciously questioning the properties of this concept until in the nineteenth century examples were given by Bolzano (1834), Weierstrass (1872), Riemann (1854) and others of functions which are continuous but nowhere differentiable [Kli].Another example is the use eighteenth-century mathematicians made of series without inquiring about the validity of the operations they used on them. Another aspect which had its influence was the success of algebraic methods in topology which explains the preference for theories with base point and constrained deformation even though free deformation is a more natural concept.As we can see the evolution of the homotopy concept for paths did not progress without impediments. It also had an influence on the evolution of the abstract group concept and the basic principle of equivalence. These aspects make it a history which is not only intrinsically interesting (how did homotopic paths come to be?), but also because it illustrates relations between different branches of mathematics.     

Historical antecedents to the philosophy of Paul Feyerabend

Paul Feyerabend has been considered a very radical philosopher of science for proposing that we may advance hypotheses contrary to well-confirmed experimental results, that observations make theoretical assumptions, that all methodological rules have exceptions, that ordinary citizens may challenge the judgment of experts, and that human happiness should be a key value for science. As radical as these theses may sound, they all have historical antecedents. In defending the Copernican view, Galileo exemplified the first two; Mill, Aristotle and Machiavelli all argued for pluralism; Aristotle gave commonsense reasons for why ordinary citizens may be able to judge the work of experts; and a combination of Plato's and Aristotle's views can offer strong support for the connection between science and happiness.     

我国建立现代大地基准的思考

在改革开放的政治经济形势下,在科学技术,特别是空间技术及信息技术的迅猛发展和广泛普及下,大地基准要作哪些更新?要引入哪些新的概念和新的技术?文中提出了现代大地基准要考虑和顾及六个要素,即高精度,涵盖全部国土,三维,地心,动态,国际接轨。建议在国家GPS2000网的基础上,进一步加密GPS网点和永久性追踪站,构建有足够数量和合理分布密度的新的大地坐标框架点。现代大地基准应为用户在我国任何地点、任何时间测定高精度的三维地心坐标提供可靠的地理空间基础框架。     

Unnatural acts: The transition from Natural Principles to Laws of Nature in Early Modern science

This paper's aim is to explain the transition that occurred during the Early Modern period, from Principles of Nature to Laws of Nature. Natural Principles are taken to be innate to substances and arise from their natures, while Laws of Nature are external and imposed from without. The paper takes the view that to explain this transition, one needs to examine the history of philosophical theories of substantial action. It argues that during the late Middle Ages and in the Early Modern era, philosophers began to disentangle substantial actions from the nature of substances. This process of disentangling action eventually led to the concept of Laws of Nature, according to which laws compel a body to act in a certain way even though its nature does not.     

Chemistry in the French tradition of philosophy of science: Duhem, Meyerson, Metzger and Bachelard

At first glance twentieth-century philosophy of science seems virtually to ignore chemistry. However this paper argues that a focus on chemistry helped shape the French philosophical reflections about the aims and foundations of scientific methods. Despite patent philosophical disagreements between Duhem, Meyerson, Metzger and Bachelard it is possible to identify the continuity of a tradition that is rooted in their common interest for chemistry. Two distinctive features of the French tradition originated in the attention to what was going on in chemistry.French philosophers of science, in stark contrast with analytic philosophers, considered history of science as the necessary basis for understanding how the human intellect or the scientific spirit tries to grasp the world. This constant reference to historical data was prompted by a fierce controversy about the chemical revolution, which brought the issue of the nature of scientific changes centre stage.A second striking—albeit largely unnoticed—feature of the French tradition is that matter theories are a favourite subject with which to characterize the ways of science. Duhem, Meyerson, Metzger and Bachelard developed most of their views about the methods and aims of science through a discussion of matter theories. Just as the concern with history was prompted by a controversy between chemists, the focus on matter was triggered by a scientific controversy about atomism in the late nineteenth-century.     

中国近代科学技术落后的原因与未来科学技术发展展望

中国是古代世界科学活动中心,然而,近现代世界科学活动的中心转移到了西方国家,中国近代科学技术落后了,笔者认为资本主义生产对科技的需求促进了科技的发展,而在中国漫长的封建社会缺乏这种需求,这是中国近代科技落后的外因;中国古代科技体系结构不合理,科技长期处于经验层次,重视实用技术,轻视理论的提升,这是中国近代科技落后的内国,展望未来,世界科学活动中心否再次转移到中国。     

Historical essentials influencing the development of radiooncology in the past 100 years

An overview of the development in the recent 100 years is given. The work of the most important pioneers is described. Both technical preconditions and radiobiological fundamentals influencing advances in radiotherapy are lined out. It is shown that many modern techniques and therapeutical strategies have their origin in the beginning of radiotherapy and that this is the case for many unsolved problems as well.