信息时代的控制科学

通过回顾控制科学的发展历程，总结其成功经验，阐述了控制科学的定位以及当前控制科学面临的新局面，并结合信息时代控制科学的新特点提出了促进我国该学科发展的一些建议．     

Synaptic boutons in the hippocampus: Changes are produced by age and experience

Zusammenfassung Erstmaliger morphometrischer Nachweis bei 2 Gruppen reifer, altersunterschiedlicher Ratten, dass die Zahl der Synapsen im Hippocampus mit dem Alter zunimmt, wobei die effektive Steigerungsrate auch mit Umwelteinflüssen zusammenhängen könnte.

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This work was supported by grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health to JJB (No. NS-06164) and to LEW,Jr., (No. NS-09358) and funds from the Center for Neurobiological Sciences of the University of Florida (No. NIH-MH-10320).     

Cholesterol oxidation by rat liver preparations: Effect of age

Résumé On a constaté que les vieux rats synthétisent moins de cholestérine et qu'ils excrètent moins de stéroides acides que les jeunes. Nous avons comparé l'activité de deux systèmes d'enzymes hépatiques chez les jeunes et les vieux rats. Ces systèmes sont la préparation microsomale qui comprend l'activité de la cholestérine 7-hydroxylase, et la préparation mitochondrique qui parvient à oxyder [26-¹⁴C] de cholestérine à¹⁴CO₂. Les deux systèmes qui entrent en jeu dans la synthèse des acides de la bile sont significativement plus actifs dans le foie des jeunes rats.     

Scientific patronage in the age of Darwin: The curious case of William Boyd Dawkins

This essay examines the curious relationship between Charles Darwin and the palaeontologist William Boyd Dawkins (1837–1929). Dawkins was a beneficiary of Darwin's patronage and styled himself as a Darwinian to Darwin and the public, yet viciously attacked Darwin and his theory in anonymous reviews. This has confused historians who have misunderstood the exact nature of Dawkins's attitude towards evolution and his relationship to Darwin. The present study explains both the reasons for Dawkins's contradictory statements and his relationship with Darwin. I introduce Batesian mimicry as a conceptual framework to make sense of Dawkins's actions, suggesting that Dawkins mimicked a Darwinian persona in order to secure advancement in the world of Victorian science. Dawkins's pro-Darwinian stance, therefore, was a façade, an act of mimicry. I argue that Dawkins exploited Darwin for his patronage – which took the form of advice, support from Darwin's well-placed friends, and monetary assistance – while safely expressing his dissent from Darwinian orthodoxy in the form of anonymous reviews. This is, therefore, a case study in how scientific authority and power could be gained and maintained in Victorian science by professing allegiance to Darwin and Darwinism.     

Scientific authorship in the age of collaborative research

I examine two challenges that collaborative research raises for science. First, collaborative research threatens the motivation of scientists. As a result, I argue, collaborative research may have adverse effects on what sorts of things scientists can effectively investigate. Second, collaborative research makes it more difficult to hold scientists accountable. I argue that the authors of multi-authored articles are aptly described as plural subjects, corporate bodies that are more than the sum of the individuals involved. Though journal editors do not currently conceive of the authors of multi-authored articles this way, this conception provides us with the conceptual resources to make sense of how collaborating scientists behave.     

Postnatal undernutrition: effect on antral gastrin levels at a later age

Summary In rats undernutrition from birth to 14 days of age resulted in retardation of growth and diminution of antral gastrin concentration. When the 14-day-old undernourished rats were nutritionally rehabilitated, they grew at a faster rate, and at 27 days of age their body weight and the weight of various tissues of the gastrointestinal tract including the antrum reached the levels of the well-nourished littermate controls. In spite of this, antral gastrin concentration was found to be about one-half of that of the well-nourished littermates.Acknowledgments. I am indebted to Professor J. F. Rehfeld of Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, for his generous supply of gastrin antisera. I whish to thank Mr S. Frandsen for his skilful technical assistance. The work was supported by grants from the Danish Medical Research Council, NOVO Research Fund and Christian den Tiendes Fond, Denmark.     

Effect of age on the activity of rat testicular arginine-aminopeptidase

Effects of age on arginine-aminopeptidase activity were investigated in the rat testis. A marked rise of the enzyme activity in 6-week-old rats corresponded to the appearance of spermatids in the later stages of their development.     

Susceptibility toHaemophilus influenzae infection in relation to the age factor

Zusammenfassung Mäuse zeigen in den ersten zwei Wochen ihres Lebens, im Vergleich mit erwachsenen Tieren, eine ähnlich erhöhte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Allgemeininfektion mitHaemophilus influenzae wie menschliche Kleinkinder in den ersten zwei Jahren. Diese Erscheinung beruht vermutlich in erster Linie auf einer besonders hohen Empfindlichkeit des infantilen Organismus gegenüber den Endotoxinen, welche die zellulären Abwehrfunktionen hemmen. Noch empfindlicher sind Föten in der Mitte der Gestationsperiode, die sämtlich abgetötet werden, während das Muttertier keinerlei Schädigung erleidet.Es wird angeregt, zu untersuchen, ob eine ähnliche Verschiedenheit der Empfindlichkeit zwischen den unreifen Zellen von malignen Tumoren und den reifen ihrer Träger besteht.     

Worker lipid stores decrease with outside-nest task performance in wasps: Implications for the evolution of age polyethism

Recent models of energetically efficient division of labor in eusocial insects predict that risky tasks will be performed by workers with low nutrient content. We measured changes in workers' nutrient stores (chloroform: methanol extractable lipids) in relation to age-based division of labor in the eusocial waspPolybia occidentalis to test this prediction. Distributions of age of first performance differed among task sets; tasks at increasing distance from the nest interior were performed later in life. However, individuals varied in the rate of passage through the task sequence. Weight of extractable lipids, corrected for differences in body weight, decreased with time elapsed since first performance of tasks outside the nest. Lipid content had a weaker negative relationship with adult age. Therefore, patterns of lipid decrease reflected individual differences in age polyethism. Age-based division of labor, with performance of risky tasks delayed until late in life by workers with depleted nutrient stores, may have evolved as an energy saving mechanism for insect colonies.