The Chemistry of the Universe: Historical Roots of Modern Cosmochemistry

During the second half of the twentieth century, the domain of geochemistry has greatly expanded and the field is today often seen as a branch of an extended chemistry of the Earth, called cosmochemistry. This paper is a historical introduction to cosmochemistry in which the wider cosmic aspects are surveyed up to about 1915, when nuclear physics changed the scene. These wider aspects or themes include, firstly, the attempts to determine the relative abundances of the elements, secondly, the extension of geochemistry to include physical geochemistry, thirdly, the study of meteorites and, fourthly, the spectroscopic study of the stars within the astrochemical tradition. Because of the lack of reliable data, a great deal of the protocosmochemistry described in the present paper was speculative. Nonetheless, by 1915 the contours of the cosmochemistry of the future were just visible and the developments here singled out can thus be seen as belonging to the prehistory of modern cosmochemistry.     

污染生态化学:一门新的学科

基于国内外污染生态化学的研究动态与发展趋势,对污染生态化学的学科定义与基本内涵进行了论述,探讨了这一新兴学科的应用及其前景问题,分析了它对应用生态学学科发展的作用以及在知识创新工程中的意义。     

The History of Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction

In 1668 Robert Hooke recognised the utility of a barometer which could foretell storms at sea, but neither he nor his contemporaries in Britain or elsewhere in Europe succeeded in constructing such an instrument which would work reliably on a moving ship. Theorists and instrument makers, including Hooke, Amontons, De Luc, Passement, Magellan and Blondeau proposed novel forms of tube, but at the time it was not possible to work glass to the suggested shape. The competition between France and England was won by Edward Nairne, who devised the constricted-tube barometer for Captain Cook's second voyage of 1772-75. Nairne barometers were soon taken on other British exploring voyages, but French ships were slow to follow the pattern, possibly in consequence of naval disruption following the Revolution. The earliest Nairne examples were adapted from the domestic barometer, with the tube mounted on a flat back, but within the lifetime of Nairne &; Blunt marine barometers adopted the form common for most of the nineteenth century, with the tube enclosed within a square or round-section wooden frame.     

卫星通信系统的发展前景

卫星通信经历了近半个世纪的发展历程，在国际，国内和区域的通信中发挥了重要作用。近年来，光纤通信的蓬勃发展，冲击了卫星通信的业务领域，人们关心关卫生通信系统的去向和发展，本文将对国际上卫星通信系统的发展现状和低轨卫星通信系统发展失利的情况进行分析。最后对卫星通信系统的发展前景做一些预测。     

中国现代地震学的回顾与展望

在国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会（IASPEI）成立100周年之际，我们对20世纪中国现代地震学的发展历史进行了简要回顾，并讨论了作为一门观测科学的地震学的未来发展趋势，20世纪的中国地震学史，可以分成三个时期；20世纪上半叶；1950年代至1970年代；1970年代末至20世纪末，地震学的发展，除取决于科学发展本身的逻辑和观测技术的进步之外，也在很大程度上与地震的发生有着密切的关系。作为一门公益性的应用科学，地震学的发展在相当程度上取决于整个社会的努力。     

创新文化管理:现代管理的重要内容

翻开当代西方管理学的丛书，有关“组织文化”问题的探索几乎已经成为了必不可少的内容，创新文化建设在我国已成为了管理者关注的一项重要内容，本文将从关于组织文化，文化研究与现代管理科学，影响组织文化的主要因素以及文化的转变的转变、领导者与创新文化建设等四个方面来探讨创新文化管理的问题。     

Chemistry in the French tradition of philosophy of science: Duhem, Meyerson, Metzger and Bachelard

At first glance twentieth-century philosophy of science seems virtually to ignore chemistry. However this paper argues that a focus on chemistry helped shape the French philosophical reflections about the aims and foundations of scientific methods. Despite patent philosophical disagreements between Duhem, Meyerson, Metzger and Bachelard it is possible to identify the continuity of a tradition that is rooted in their common interest for chemistry. Two distinctive features of the French tradition originated in the attention to what was going on in chemistry.French philosophers of science, in stark contrast with analytic philosophers, considered history of science as the necessary basis for understanding how the human intellect or the scientific spirit tries to grasp the world. This constant reference to historical data was prompted by a fierce controversy about the chemical revolution, which brought the issue of the nature of scientific changes centre stage.A second striking—albeit largely unnoticed—feature of the French tradition is that matter theories are a favourite subject with which to characterize the ways of science. Duhem, Meyerson, Metzger and Bachelard developed most of their views about the methods and aims of science through a discussion of matter theories. Just as the concern with history was prompted by a controversy between chemists, the focus on matter was triggered by a scientific controversy about atomism in the late nineteenth-century.     

Chemistry of male dominance in the house mouse, Mus domesticus

Two terpenic constituents, E,E,-alpha-farnesene and E-beta-farnesene, were found to be elevated in dominant male urine when compared to subordinate or control males. These two urinary compounds were absent in the bladder urine of males; however, they were the most prominent constituents of the perputial gland's aliquots. The results of a two-choice preference test, conducted on ICR/Alb subordinate males, gave a strong indication that these two terpenic constituents introduced into the previously attractive stimulus significantly discouraged prolonged investigations by male mice. The compounds, whether present in the urine matrix or water, rendered the stimulus with a quality behaviorally similar to the urine of dominant males. It appears that they may be synonymous with the previously described aversion signal produced by dominant males. We suggest that these compounds may play a wide-ranging role in the territorial marking behavior of male mice.     

Chemistry of male dominance in the house mouse,Mus domesticus

Summary Two terpenic constituents, E,E,--farnesene and E--farnesene, were found to be elevated in dominant male urine when compared to subordinate or control males. These two urinary compounds were absent in the bladder urine of males; however, they were the most prominent constituents of the preputial gland's aliquots. The results of a two-choice preference test, conducted on ICR/Alb subordinate males, gave a strong indication that these two terpenic constituents introduced into the previously attractive stimulus significantly discouraged prolonged investigations by male mice. The compounds, whether present in the urine matrix or water, rendered the stimulus with a quality behaviorally similar to the urine of dominant males. It appears that they may be synonymous with the previously described aversion signal produced by dominant males. We suggest that these compounds may play a wide-ranging role in the territorial marking behavior of male mice.     

近现代中国水产养殖业发展回顾与展望

本文较为系统地回顾了近现代我国淡、海水养殖业发展的历史，重点总结了新中国成立以来水产养殖业成功的理论与关键技术，分析了制约水产养殖业持续发展的种质、病害与环境等关键问题，展望了新世纪我国水产养殖业发展的前景。新世纪我国水产养殖业的发展态势日趋明朗，即朝着生态养殖和工程养殖两个方向发展；其理论基础是运用现代生物学理论和生物与工程技术，协调养殖生物与养殖环境的关系，达到互为友好、持续高效；其总体目标是实现养殖生物良种化、养殖技术生态工程化、养殖产品优质高值化和养殖环境洁净化，最终实现水产养殖业的可持续发展。新世纪我国水产养殖业发展对策是实施生态工程养殖战略，促进水产养殖业的健康发展；立足基础研究。强化高新技术的应用；实施良种工程，不断推出养殖新良种；从平衡水域各产业的需求出发，调整现有养殖区养殖结构、规模与布局；集成现代生物和工程技术，实施陆地和潮上带工程化养殖；以养殖生态学理论和现代工程技术为基础，大力发展浅海离岸设施渔业；从改善我国人口营养结构出发，大力发展水产品加工业等。     

Unnatural acts: The transition from Natural Principles to Laws of Nature in Early Modern science

This paper's aim is to explain the transition that occurred during the Early Modern period, from Principles of Nature to Laws of Nature. Natural Principles are taken to be innate to substances and arise from their natures, while Laws of Nature are external and imposed from without. The paper takes the view that to explain this transition, one needs to examine the history of philosophical theories of substantial action. It argues that during the late Middle Ages and in the Early Modern era, philosophers began to disentangle substantial actions from the nature of substances. This process of disentangling action eventually led to the concept of Laws of Nature, according to which laws compel a body to act in a certain way even though its nature does not.