管式反应器中环己烯氧化制环氧环己烷

以过氧化氢为氧化剂,自制的十六烷基吡啶过氧磷钨酸为催化剂催化环己烯合成环氧环己烷,根据釜式反应器反应的最佳时间确定了管式反应器的管长,考察了反应温度、环己烯与H₂O₂物质的量比、反应溶液的pH和催化剂用量对产物收率的影响,并对这些条件进行了优化。实验结果表明,管式反应器最佳条件为反应温度50℃,反应时间30 min,投料比n（环己烯）：n（H₂O₂）：n（催化剂）：n（氯仿）=1：0.75：0.000 25：2,pH=3,此条件下环氧环己烷的收率可达55.24%。同样实验条件下釜式反应器内环氧环己烷收率为44.42%。     

微波辐射硅钨酸催化合成肉桂酸乙酯

肉桂酸与乙醇在硅钨酸催化、微波辐射下，反应得肉桂酸乙醋，微波功率为340w，反应时间20min，酸醇比为1：7mol，转化率达到93％．探讨了各种因素对产品收率的影响，选择出了最佳反应条件．     

微波辐射合成邻苯二甲酰亚胺

以苯酐和尿素为反应原料，通过微波辐射合成了邻苯二甲酰亚胺。结果表明：微波辐射法的反应速率显著提高，辐射反应100s，收率达85％，产品纯度为95％。同时考察了微波辐射时间、功率、原料配比以及输入能量对反应收率的影响，发现以苯酐和尿素为原料微波合成邻苯二甲酰亚胺的最佳反应条件为：苯酐：尿素＝1：1．2（摩尔比），每克苯酐输入的表观辐射能为11．35kJ，采用连续辐射方式。     

2-硝基-4,5-二甲基苯胺的合成研究

以3,4－二甲基苯胺为母体,以四氯化碳为溶剂,合成了2－硝基－4,5－二甲基苯胺,用正交实验确定了最佳原料配比n(母体）:n（醋酐）：n(硫酸）＝１．００：１．２０：１．１３,产品收率８１％左右,溶剂回收率９５％以上。     

丙烯海松酸环氧酯的合成及酯化动力学研究

利用不同的季铵盐催化剂体系合成了丙烯海松酸环氧酯，考察了不同体系的催化剂活性。结果表明：四正丁基溴化铵的催化活性最高，产率达95．6％。最佳反应条件为：反应时间4.Oh，反应温度100℃，丙烯海松酸与环氧树酯的摩尔比为2．O：1．O，催化剂用量为总投料的1％，最后通过酸值和环氧值的测定，确定反应动力学为SN2历程。     

微波催化合成N-(2-苯并噻唑)邻苯二甲酰亚胺

用传统和微波催化法制备N-（2-苯并噻唑）邻苯二甲酰亚胺．分别考察了微波催化法中微波功率、反应时间、反应物料配比和溶剂等参数对反应的影响,得到最佳工艺参数为：以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,微波功率为500W,反应物料摩尔配比为1：1．2,反应时间为6min,此时收率为90．8％;在其他反应条件相同的情况下,无溶剂时,产物收率仅为87．4％．     

微波辐射快速合成对苯二甲酸二辛酯

在微波辐射条件下，以T2为催化剂，用对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)与异辛醇进行酯交换反应合成了对苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOTP)，讨论了微波功率、辐射时间、催化剂用量和投料比对反应产率的影响，最佳反应条件为：投料nDMP：n异辛醇1：2，T2催化剂0．18g，微波功率600W，反应时间8min，得到的产率为97％，该条件下的反应速率是常规加热条件下的20多倍。     

微波合成羧甲基壳聚糖

介绍了在微波条件下，以氯乙酸为改性剂制备羧甲基壳聚糖。探讨了反应时间、投料比和多次羧化等工艺条件对壳聚糖羧甲基化程度及产物收率的影响，并对产物进行了红外光谱分析。确定了制备羧甲基壳聚糖的最佳反应条件：氨基葡萄糖单元：氢氧化钠：氯乙酸=1：20：12(摩尔比)，氨基葡萄糖单元：异丙醇=1：40(摩尔比)，w碱=0．45，碱化温度为30℃，碱化时间为1h，羧化时间为30min，羧甲基壳聚糖取代度和收率分别达到0．95和95％。研究了多次羧甲基化反应对羧甲基壳聚糖取代度的影响，其取代度可进一步提高到1．70。     

微波辐射和相转移催化合成β-甲基-β-硝基对甲氧基苯乙烯

在微波辐射和相转移催化剂的条件下，采用Henry反应，快速合成β—甲基—β—硝基对甲氧基苯乙烯．考察了微波辐射功率、微波辐射时间、不同的相转移催化剂、反应物的物料比等因素对反应收率的影响．结果表明：在微波辐射功率为130w、微波辐射时间为8min，以PEG—1000做相转移催化剂，反应物的用量为：对甲氧基本甲醛：硝基乙烷：PEG—1000为1：2．5：0．08．在冰乙酸／醋酸铵条件下，产物收率达48．9％。     

二氧化钛负载磷钨杂多酸催化合成苯甲醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛

以自制二氧化钛负载磷钨杂多酸H3PW12 O40／TiO2为多相催化剂，以苯甲醛和1，2-丙二醇为原料合成苯甲醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛，较系统地研究了原料摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：适宜反应条件为n（苯甲醛）：n（1，2-丙二醇）=1：1．5，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0.5％，环己烷为带水剂，反应时间1．0h。上述条件下，苯甲醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛的收率为80．7％。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with