Systems thinking,systems practice,and practical philosophy: A program of research

IfSystems Practice is to serve the cause of socially rational decision making, its understanding of systems approach must open itself up to the communicative dimension of rational practice uncovered by contemporary practical philosophy. This programmatic paper argues that building the bridge between the two traditions of systems thinking and practical philosophy is a key challenge to be faced by the systems community. A three-level framework of rational systems practice is suggested as a point of departure for a program of research.     

Continuous Communication Control Disruptors During Systems Development

This paper presents an open-ended, exploratory study of formal and informal communication and control subprocesses during information systems development (ISD) over an extended period in a large bureaucracy. Using a participant action research strategy, the case study explores the continuous unintended disruptions and barriers to the effective implementation of the ISD project and suggests major variables associated with them. Based on an inductive analysis of the data, the authors suggest some tentatively hypothesized action stages for future research and a broad conceptual model incorporating the process variables. Implications for MIS research, management, and MIS professionals are discussed.     

大数据:数据驱动下的工程项目管理新视角

如何在高维度情况下对大数据开展统计学习、预测和优化,实现数据驱动决策,是当前管理科学与系统工程所面临的重要问题.为探索如何将大数据的理论方法应用于工程项目管理,本文首先对数据驱动决策的价值链进行了分析,然后,构建了基于大数据的工程项目管理三维结构模型,提出从时间维(项目生命周期各阶段)、领域维(项目各管理领域)和方法维(大数据分析方法)三个维度,推动大数据技术在工程项目中的研究和应用.进一步,分析了项目生命周期各阶段所涉及的数据类型,分析了大数据方法在工程项目各领域的应用前景.最后,结合案例阐述了大数据技术的应用,并讨论了有待研究的关键科学问题.     

航空制造企业技改项目管理动态特性仿真研究

在分析航空制造企业技术改造（简称技改）项目管理整体动态控制特点的基础上,利用因果环路图描述了项目阶段、控制对象和资源能力等各方面因素的动态反馈关系。通过建立技改项目管理系统动力学模型描述了技改项目管理的动态流程,以及进度控制、质量控制和资源能力管理等过程。3种典型情况（理想情况、工期压缩和验收质量下降）下模型的仿真表明,该模型能够较好地反映技改项目管理过程中的各类复杂动态特性,并能够辅助技改项目管理和决策。     

军事训练想定中的三维航迹仿真模型

将飞行目标的空间机动分段简化为空间恒加速度（或等速）直线机动，空间任意平面内的恒向心加速度圆周机动（包括恒向心加速度水平机动或恒向心加速垂直动两个特例），整条航迹就是由若干直线机动段，圆周机动段通过机动点的连接任意组合而成，据此建立了三维空间内的航迹仿真模型，从理论上实现了目标在三维立体空间内的准自由活动仿真，可比较真实地模拟空中目标的各种飞行动作。     

复杂系统管理中的仿真方法研究：挑战与机遇

近年来,随着工业技术和社会生产力的发展,很多系统呈现出复杂性和不确定性两个显著的特征,其中复杂性可以进一步刻画为大规模、网络化和动态性等。计算机仿真是这类复杂系统建模的重要工具,可以用来解决复杂系统管理中的很多问题。系统的复杂性和不确定性也给现今的仿真工具带来了很多挑战,在建模、预测和优化领域都有很多问题亟待解决。包括高性能计算、大数据和人工智能技术在内的很多新兴技术则为解决这些挑战带来了机遇,这些技术与仿真工具的深度融合将是下一代仿真工具研发的关键。     

探讨复杂系统中的群体结构

为探讨恰当划分复杂系统群体蛄构的新方法，提出了改进边介数法。在对网络实例空手道俱乐部的研究中，将谊方法与传统社会学聚类方法和GN算法进行了对照比较。其实证结果表明了谊方法对于正确分析系统的群体结构的有效性。     

复杂性的定义,对象与层次问题:一个综述

首先概要性地回顾了复杂性认知的沿革,指出了当前复杂性研究兴起的背景和原因.然后,对现代复杂性研究中的3个重要问题:定义问题,对象问题和层次问题进行了评价.定义问题:对现有几种定义的特点,以及现阶段能否给出恰当的定义的争论进行了评述;对象问题:分析了目前存在的4种趋势,既有直接研究抽象和具体对象的区别,也有不直接选择研究对象,但基于方法论和基于系统思辩探讨复杂问题研究途径的区别;层次问题:指出对象的差异也导致了当前复杂性探讨层面的差异,即出现了同时在方法,方法论和系统思辩3种不同层面展开复杂性研究的局面.通过分析和评价这些区别,指出了当前的复杂性研究为什么会出现这种既繁荣又难以相互融通的局面.     

基于返工风险传播和预处理的研发项目流程DSM优化

为分析产品开发过程中的迭代对研发项目时间和成本的影响,本文首先研究了返工变更的传播过程,在直接返工概率和间接返工概率的基础上建立了返工因子设计结构矩阵(DSM),分析了返工变更传播和返工时间、范围对返工风险的影响.然后,提出采用返工预处理的方法降低返工影响强度,构建了预处理后的返工影响强度计算模型.进一步,基于返工预处理和返工因子DSM构建了项目净收益模型,并以项目净收益最大化作为流程DSM优化目标.最后,通过案例验证了本文提出的模型,优化与仿真结果表明采用本文提出的方法可有效控制返工风险.     

从系统工程研讨集约型增长与可持续发展

集约型增长与可持续发展是系统的典范主题。本文阐述了集约型增长方式的四大特征,可持续发展的层次性,系统集成的协和度,临界点理论以及相应的系统方法论等。     

研发项目产品与流程架构的跨领域集成与优化

为揭示复杂产品开发项目中部件间的依赖关系对活动的影响,本文采用多领域矩阵（MDM）分析产品与流程架构之间的依赖关系,并对研发项目中的产品架构与流程架构进行集成及其优化. 首先,依据产品设计结构矩阵（DSM）中部件间的依赖度及部件与活动之间的耦合关系,本文提出了由产品DSM建立流程DSM的方法,构建了由部件依赖度测度活动之间依赖度的量化模型. 其次,提出了基于依赖度平均增量的产品DSM聚类方法,因此,由MDM推导的流程DSM形成若干的活动组,降低了管理的复杂性. 最后,结合典型案例,在产品DSM聚类的基础上,对初始的流程DSM以最小化项目总协调成本进行排序优化,并对优化结果进行仿真,结果表明本文提出的方法可降低项目时间和成本.     

CRF:A Scheduling of Multi-Granularity Locks in Object-Oriented Database Systems

1.INTRODUCTIONRecelltly,object-orienteddatabasesystem(OODB)hasbecomepopular,becausemailyadvanceddata-intensiveapplicationssuchasCAD/CAMandmultimediadatabaseshaveemployedthistechniqlle.Manypapershavediscussedaboutwhattheobject-orientedmeansandwhatanobject-orienteddatabaseisinreference[l~4].Anewtransactionmodelforobject-orienteddatabasesystemwasproposedinreference[sl.Itisclearthatobject-orienteddatabaseshavegreatpotentialtobeusedwidelybecauseoftheirobject-orienteddesignmodelandflexibled…     

Use of Systems Methodologies in the UK and Spain: A Sample Survey

The emergence and the use of the so-called Management Sciences Methodologies has been one of the major recent developments in the field of Management Practice. The issues of the cultural dimensions of a particular country and its relevance in managerial practices have attracted substantial attention over recent years. This paper attempts to compare the usage of management sciences methods from the Hard and Soft spectrum in two countries that have quite distinctive managerial and cultural traditions: the UK and Spain. It reports on the results of a mail questionnaire administered to MBA graduates working in management consultancy in both countries.     

基于知识中介的项目型组织知识转移多群体演化博弈分析

根据项目组织环境特点,构建了以PMO为知识中介的有限理性知识转移多群体动态演化博弈模型,通过计算分析得到演化稳定策略和演化稳定相图。研究表明,知识溢出效应、知识协同效应、知识转移成本以及知识转移的奖惩措施,是知识转移行为主要影响因素,并决定项目型组织知识转移的整体演化趋势。     

Reconciling Effectiveness and Equity in Performance Management: A Stakeholder Synthesis Approach to Organizational Systems Design

Complex organizational systems have been studied using hard and soft epistemologies and each has contributed to understanding based on its logic of enquiry. However, both fail to engage fully with systems in their context and are increasingly recognized as such by researchers and practitioners. This paper reviews the epistemological debate and proposes that accommodation between quantitative and qualitative disciplines is both possible and appropriate. A case study of performance management systems demonstrates the synergistic benefits of integration within a mode of organizational enquiry based on stakeholder analysis and soft systems methodology. This enables the development of a stakeholder systems model of performance management that incorporates stakeholder consensus, organizational justice, and system effectiveness considerations.     

Knowing and Acting in Conditions of Uncertainty: A Complexity Perspective

As practitioners working with groups and organizations, we have reflected together on what we think is happening when we find ourselves acting into situations in which the intention motivating the action as its goal is itself emerging in the very action. Along with others, we have been excited by the ideas of self-organization in the natural sciences and also theories of practice, for example, tacit and explicit knowledge, in the social sciences. Together, these promise fresh insights into the potential of organizations. However, we find ourselves diverging significantly from writers who at first sight seem to be using similar ideas, but they do so with an exclusive focus on strategic choice and intention. To illustrate what we mean, we explore the work of Nonaka and Takeuchi and how they use Polanyi's idea of the participant observer. We do this to identify contradictions we see in their approach. We also discuss the implications of an alternative understanding of participation and what this indicates about what can and cannot be managed in the creation of new knowledge.     

Developing Managers as Healing Agents in Organizations: A Co-Operative Inquiry Approach

This action research examines how a health service manager, with a clinical background, sought to develop his clinical skills in a management context. When asked to undertake an evaluation of an addiction counseling service, he found that there was evidence of systemic ill-health expressed through feelings of powerlessness, hurt, and alienation among the staff of the service. The article describes how the manager used action research, and in particular co-operative inquiry, to become an agent of healing in his own place of work. It illustrates how the co-operative inquiry process can be used to help individuals or groups to overcome feelings of alienation and powerlessness in organizations. By dealing with these feelings through a process of co-operative inquiry the conditions necessary to improve systemic health can be created to help develop a service and meet service objectives It explores the neglected subject of how managers can be agents of healing in organizations.     

Power-Based Arbitrary Decisional Actions in the Resolution of MIS Project Issues: A Project Manager's Action Research Perspective

As a management information systems (MIS) project manager and an action researcher, the author examined, over time, the influence on information system development (ISD) of the informal sociopolitical organizational actions. The paper reports two cases of action research findings concerning the effect on ISD project implementation processes of power-based arbitrary decisional actions in bureaucratic environments. The research focused on the relationship of such unilateral actions to the interconnected subprocesses of deliberate and conscious attempts by the ISD project members to define and resolve system implementation issues. A suggested conceptual framework for the issue-resolution processes (IRP's) and obstacle-coping processes (OCP's) is based on the author's IRP/OCP-related behavioral constructs and theoretical models dealing with soft-systems issues, especially appreciative system theory and soft-systems methodology, and innovative flexible, "complementarist" (Sinn, 1998) or pluralist problem-solving approaches.     

处理环境效应和随机误差的创新驱动发展绩效时空异质研究——以高技术产业为例

基于2009~2015年高技术产业省际面板数据,首次纳入高技术产业创新驱动的环境效应和随机误差考虑,利用SFA模型进行分解修正调整样本投入的偏移量,进一步结合超效率技术改进,更为有效真实地反映高技术产业创新驱动发展成效及其时空异质和来源体系配置特征。研究发现,环境因素对高技术产业创新驱动发展绩效产生显著异质影响。总体上,调整后2009~2015年高技术产业的创新驱动整体效率还处于相对较低水平,存在较大发展空间。纯技术效率改进显著优于规模效率,是其创新驱动发展绩效提升的主要动力来源。高技术产业创新驱动发展绩效时间上呈现一定程度的增长,而空间差异显著,亟待进行引领产业创新驱动结构转型。     

Analytic and Dynamic Approach to Collaboration: A Transdisciplinary Case Study on Sustainable Landscape Development in a Swiss Prealpine Region

The involvement of stakeholders and the public in societal decision processes has lately received increased attention. We suggest that appropriate and tailored techniques should be selected and integrated to provide the prerequisites for inclusive involvement depending on the issue, type, goals and phase of the decision process in question, i.e. an analytic, systematic and dynamic approach to collaboration. In a transdisciplinary case study design we integrate diverse analytical methods whereby a process of mutual learning between science and people from outside academia is strived for. Our framework for collaboration is illustrated by a case study on sustainable landscape development in the Swiss prealpine region of Appenzell Ausserrhoden.