Molybdenite alkali fusion and leaching:reactions and mechanism

<正>The production of MoO_3 from Sarcheshmeh molybdenite concentrate via a pyro-hydrometallurgical process was studied.The molybdenite concentrate and sodium carbonate were premixed and fused under air atmosphere.Then the fused products were leached in water and the dissolved molybdenum was recovered as ammonium molybdate.The ammonium molybdate was then calcined to produce mo-lybdic oxide.At the fusion stage,the effect of the mass ratio of carbonate to sulfide on the reaction products and the solubility of the products was investigated.The results show that during the fusion,sodium molybdate and sodium sulfate are the final reaction products and sodium sulfide is detected as an intermediate reaction product.By melting at 850℃with 5wt%excess carbonate,the maximum solubility of the products is obtained.The molybdenum is recovered from the solutions as ammonium molybdate.     

助熔剂辅助碱熔-酸浸法制备高纯石墨

针对石墨中含有可溶性硅酸盐的情况,采用助熔剂辅助碱熔-酸浸法将天然鳞片石墨提纯,研究助熔剂种类及其用量、氢氧化钠质量分数、焙烧熔融温度、焙烧熔融时间对石墨纯化效果的影响,并对样品进行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征。结果表明:以偏硼酸锂作为碱熔焙烧助熔剂的纯化效果最佳。取质量分数60%的氢氧化钠溶液10 mL、质量分数20%的盐酸溶液20 mL、偏硼酸锂0.6 g、石墨10 g,在焙烧温度500℃、焙烧时间120 min、酸浸温度80℃、酸浸时间80 min的条件下,石墨的固定碳w(C)可由87.62%提高到99.69%。SEM和XRD分析表明,助熔剂辅助碱熔-酸浸法石墨纯化技术没有破坏石墨本身的结构与形貌。该工艺方法简单,反应温度低,污染小,能耗较低,能显著提高石墨的固定碳,可用于指导高纯石墨的生产实践。     

复杂钪精矿碱熔合焙烧-水解-盐酸浸出工艺分离钪

川西含钪精矿含钪为189.80g/t,主要含钪的载体矿物为绿泥石、蒙脱石、滑石和角闪石,且铁、钙、镁等元素的含量较高,钪的分离难度较大。采用碱熔合—水解—盐酸浸出工艺分离川西含钪精矿中的钪,结果表明:在焙烧温度650℃、焙烧时间15min、碳酸氢钠用量100%、盐酸用量15%、浸出时间75min、浸出温度45℃、液固比为1.5∶1的工艺条件下,获得了钪浸出率99.56%的钪分离指标。浸出渣的化学成分、形貌及能谱分析显示:浸出渣中主要的成分为硅、铝、镁、钪,且钪的含量较低为4.32g/t,浸出渣的扫描电镜分析图谱中没有明显的Sc谱线峰值,这也说明绝大部分钪被溶解进入液相,从理论上验证了钪精矿采用碱熔合焙烧-水解-盐酸浸出工艺分离钪的可行性。     

Microemulsion leaching of vanadium from sodium-roasted vanadium slag by fusion of leaching and extraction processes

The fusion of the leaching and purification processes was realized by directly using microemulsion as the leaching agent. The bis-(2-ethyhexyl) phosphoric acid(DEHPA)/n-heptane/Na OH microemulsion system was established to directly leach vanadates from sodium-roasted vanadium slag. The effect of the leaching agent on the leaching efficiency was investigated, in addition to the molar ratio of H_2O/Na DEHP(W), DEHPA concentration, solid/liquid ratio, stirring time, and leaching temperature. In optimal situations, the vanadium leaching efficiency reaches 79.57%. The X-ray diffraction characterization of the leaching residue and the Raman spectrum of the microemulsion before and after leaching demonstrate the successful entry of vanadates from the sodium-roasted vanadium slag into the microemulsion. The proposed method successfully realizes the leaching and purification of vanadates in one step, thereby greatly reducing production costs and environmental pollution. It also offers a new way to achieve the green recovery of valuable metals from solid resources.     

Suspension calcination and alkali leaching of low-grade high-sulfur bauxite:Desulfurization,mineralogical evolution and desilication

To enable the utilization of low-grade and high-sulfur bauxite, the suspension calcination was used to remove the sulfur and the activate silica minerals, and the calcinated bauxite was subjected to a desilication process in Na OH solution under atmospheric pressure. The desulfurization and desilication properties and mineralogical evolution were studied by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and FactSage methods. The results demonstrate that the suspension calcination method is efficient for sulfur removal: 84.21% of S was removed after calcination at 1000°C for 2 min. During the calcination process, diaspore and pyrite were transferred to α-Al2O3, magnetite, and hematite. The phase transformation of pyrite follows the order FeS2 → Fe3O4 → Fe2O3, and the iron oxides and silica were converted into iron silicate. In the alkali-soluble desilication process, the optimum condition was an alkali solution concentration of 110 g/L, a reaction time of 20 min, and a reaction temperature of 95°C. The corresponding desilication ratio and alumina loss ratio were 44.9% and 2.4%, respectively, and the alumina-to-silica mass ratio of the concentrate was 7.9. The Al2O3·2SiO2, SiO2, and Al2O3 formed during the calcination process could react with Na OH solution, and their activity decreased in the order of Al2O3·2 SiO2, SiO2, and Al2O3.     

Suspension calcination and alkali leaching of low-grade high-sulfur bauxite:Desulfurization,mineralogical evolution and desilication

To enable the utilization of low-grade and high-sulfur bauxite, the suspension calcination was used to remove the sulfur and the activate silica minerals, and the calcinated bauxite was subjected to a desilication process in Na OH solution under atmospheric pressure. The desulfurization and desilication properties and mineralogical evolution were studied by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and FactSage methods. The results demonstrate that the suspension calcination method is efficient for sulfur removal: 84.21% of S was removed after calcination at 1000°C for 2 min. During the calcination process, diaspore and pyrite were transferred to α-Al_2O_3, magnetite, and hematite. The phase transformation of pyrite follows the order FeS_2 → Fe_3O_4 → Fe_2O_3, and the iron oxides and silica were converted into iron silicate. In the alkali-soluble desilication process, the optimum condition was an alkali solution concentration of 110 g/L, a reaction time of 20 min, and a reaction temperature of 95°C. The corresponding desilication ratio and alumina loss ratio were 44.9% and 2.4%, respectively, and the alumina-to-silica mass ratio of the concentrate was 7.9. The Al_2O_3·2SiO_2, SiO2, and Al_2O_3 formed during the calcination process could react with Na OH solution, and their activity decreased in the order of Al_2O_3·2 SiO_2, SiO_2, and Al_2O_3.     

黑铜泥碱性浸出工艺及机理探讨

以黑铜泥为原料,研究黑铜泥碱性浸出的工艺条件,从而使Cu、Sb、Bi和As有效分离,并探讨浸出过程的动力学机理.实验结果表明:在最佳碱浸条件下,黑铜泥中As的浸出率为92.84%,Cu的浸出率为1.43%,Sb的浸出率为2.92%,Bi的浸出率为1.26%.黑铜泥碱浸出过程在动力学上符合液-固反应的收缩性未反应核模型,...     

堆浸过程溶质运移机理与模型

针对堆浸过程中, 溶质运移由于受各种物理、化学和外界环境等因素的影响, 使溶质的运动变得更加复杂, 并难以定量描述的问题, 将矿堆中溶液分为可流动和不可流动溶液两类, 将矿石浸出过程和浸出核收缩模型划分为3个界面, 并分析其在划分溶质运移过程中的作用. 对可流动将和不可流动溶液中溶质运移机理分别进行剖析, 并给出运移表达式. 根据质量守恒定律, 推导堆浸过程溶质运移的基本方程, 并结合溶液的分类方法, 建立堆浸可动和不可动区溶质运移模型. 分析结果表明： 溶质在不同类型溶液中的运移机理截然不同, 在不可流动溶液中, 溶质以分子扩散形式运移;在可流动溶液中, 以机械弥散和对流传质为主.     

从磷酸废砷渣中回收砷的碱浸工艺研究

根据目前广西区大量砷渣得不到有效利用的现状,以磷酸净化过程中产生的含砷废渣为原料,通过物相分析确定了碱浸出法回收砷的工艺,考察了浸出温度、摩尔比、液固比和反应时间等工艺条件对砷浸出率的影响。结果表明,n(NaOH)∶n(As2S3)是影响砷浸出率的主要因素,较适宜的碱浸工艺条件为:浸出温度为70℃,n(NaOH)∶n(As2S3)=6.0∶1,液固比=6.0∶1,反应时间为30 min,在此条件下砷浸出率可达97.1%。在现有基础上,该工艺为磷酸废砷渣的综合利用提供了一条简单高效的技术路线。     

堆浸过程中溶质运移机制及影响因素

针对堆浸溶质运移过程的复杂性和多变性,以揭示溶质运移规律为目的,首先通过对其运移机制进行探讨,并基于矿堆理想渗流假设给出溶质运移均匀流模型,同时考虑矿堆内可流动溶液和不可流动溶液区的作用及其相互影响,建立溶质迁移流动-不流动模型.采用标记物穿透曲线法,进行溶质运移室内管柱实验,主要研究矿石粒径和喷淋强度对溶质运移规律的影响.研究结果表明;大粒径矿样的孔隙直径和孔隙率均比较大,可流动溶液在大孔隙的传导作用而快速流出,因此,溶质初期浓度升高相对较快;而小粒径矿石比表面积大,不可流动溶液比率大,溶质须通过分子扩散运移进入不可流动溶液区,因此,其浓度上升速度较缓;矿堆内不流动溶液是影响溶质运移规律的主要因素,因此,可通过控制矿石颗粒级配和喷淋强度以优化溶质运移过程.     

氧化铝熟料溶出过程二次反应的热力学讨论

对氧化铝熟料溶出过程涉及的二次反应进行了热力学计算和讨论。对原硅酸钙在铝酸钠溶液中的稳定性、硅酸钙与铝酸钠溶液的反应、水化石榴石与NaOH和Na₂CO₃作用和原硅酸钙水化反应分别进行了热力学分析。结果表明，原硅酸钙、硅酸钙在NaOH、Na₂CO₃和NaAl(OH)₄这3种溶液成分中的稳定性是不同的；温度升高，NaOH、Na₂CO₃溶液分解水化石榴石的趋势变大，饱和系数较大的水化石榴石稳定性好于饱和系数较小的，水化石榴石在NaOH中的稳定性强于在Na₂CO₃溶液中的；低温下原硅酸钙最有可能水化成2CaO·SiO₂·1.17H₂O和4CaO·3SiO₂·1.5H₂O。     

酸碱淋溶对尾矿砂含水率和重金属含量的影响

为研究酸碱溶液对尾矿砂含水率和重金属含量的影响,采用室内土柱动态淋溶的方法,对采自阜新同乃矿尾矿坝的尾矿进行实验,测得不同pH溶液动态淋溶后的尾矿砂含水率,并应用火焰原子吸收光谱法,测出尾矿砂中6种重金属元素在淋溶后的含量,结果表明:①经酸碱溶液淋溶后尾矿砂土体的含水率出现增加的现象;②淋溶液pH从4增加到7时,Cu和Cr的含量逐渐减少,淋溶液pH从7增加到10时,Cu和Cr的含量逐渐增加;相反Mn和Ni的含量先随pH的增加而增加,在pH大于8和8.5左右开始降低;Fe含量出现略微减少的趋势;Cd含量在淋溶液pH 4～6.5范围内逐渐增加,而后含量降低。文中淋溶液选择的是酸碱溶液而不是纯净水,所以用此结果描述尾矿库的环境和安全情况更具有实际意义。     

溶液对斑岩铜矿废石的浸蚀机理及其力学特性

基于直接作用、间接作用、复合作用3种传统微生物浸矿机制,结合堆浸体系内细菌种类(吸附细菌、游离细菌)、废石结构、Fe3+迁移特征,提出直接-间接作用和间接-接触间接作用微生物浸蚀机制,探讨浸出过程废石力学损伤机理;将溶液对废石的生化侵蚀划分为溶蚀、沉淀胶结、结晶膨胀3个阶段,分析不同阶段废石力学性质的变化趋势.研究结果表明:废石在酸性溶液中浸泡45 d后的破裂裂纹比未浸泡、浸泡15d、浸泡30 d的废石要复杂、曲折;浸泡45 d后,废石黏聚力降低87.7％,废石破坏时的剪应力和正应力均降低一半;浸泡后废石表面铜矿物等物质被溶解,表面微裂隙及孔洞得到进一步发育和扩展.     

光子晶体光纤熔接机理的研究

光子晶体光纤（PCF,Photonic Cpystal Fiber）的熔接技术为PCF产品的应用和开发提供了条件。本文主要介绍了影响PCF熔接的主要因素，比较了传统电弧熔接方法和激光熔接方法的优缺点，阐述了激光熔接的基本原理和工作流程，为PCF激光熔接机的制作打下基础。     

桂西拜耳法赤泥静态淋溶碱释放影响因素试验

为研究桂西拜耳法赤泥中碱的溶出规律及影响因素,采用浸出试验分析了赤泥中碱的赋存状态及含量,通过静态淋溶试验并改变初始溶液pH、固液比、粒径大小、环境温度、是否搅动等条件,研究赤泥中碱释放随时间变化的规律及溶出机制并使用正交分析法分析赤泥中碱释放主要影响因素.结果 表明:赤泥中的可溶性碱占总碱含量的30.45％,主要赋存于氢氧化钠、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠、硅酸钠及可溶钙霞石中;非可溶性碱占总碱含量的69.55％,主要赋存于方钠石及难溶钙霞石中.溶液中初始溶液pH、固液比、溶液温度对赤泥中碱释放影响较大,而是否搅动及赤泥粒径对其影响较小;影响赤泥溶液中碱浓度及碱溶出率的因素依次为液固比、环境温度、初始溶液pH.研究结论可为解决桂西拜耳法赤泥对周边环境效应影响及脱碱提供必要的科学依据.     

粉煤灰对混凝土AAR有效碱的影响及机理

为准确从碱与活性集料反应的角度掌握碱集料反应(AAR),在前人研究基础上,赋予有效碱更进一步的定义,将进入活性集料中的碱称为有效碱.采用火焰光度法对有效碱含量和混凝土孔隙溶液碱离子浓度进行了测定,并据此分析了粉煤灰抑制AAR机理.试验结果表明:掺加粉煤灰后,混凝土基体孔隙溶液碱离子浓度降低,从而减少了活性集料中的有效碱,而粉煤灰掺入改变基体扩散系数对有效碱的影响则是次要的.因此可通过测量早期孔隙溶液碱离子浓度变化来评价粉煤灰对AAR的抑制效果.     

基于注意力机制与多尺度特征融合的行人重识别方法

针对行人重识别中因遮挡、姿态变化使模型特征无法充分表达行人信息的问题,提出了基于注意力机制与多尺度特征融合的行人重识别方法.首先使用改进的骨干网络R-ResNet50提取图像特征;其次,抽取网络不同尺度的特征层嵌入注意力机制DANet,使模型更关注于重点信息;最后,对提取出的关键特征进行多尺度特征融合,实现特征间的优势...     

硫化砷渣的碱性浸出及浸出动力学

采用氢氧化钠溶液浸出硫化砷渣,使As与Cu和Bi等金属有效分离,有利于硫化砷渣的综合利用。对氢氧化钠浸出硫化砷渣动力学进行探讨。研究结果表明：当反应温度为90℃,固液比为1：6,反应时间为1．5h,NaOH与As2S3的摩尔比为7．2：1时,氢氧化钠浸出硫化砷渣,砷浸出率达到95．90％,铜浸出率仅为0．087％;经过氢氧化钠浸出,渣中Cu和Bi质量分数分别从10．90％和1．85％增加到50．00％和10．63％,Cu和Bi得到高度富集;溶液中As2S3与NaOH反应为收缩未反应芯扩散控制,其表观活化能为3．682kJ／mol。     

基于通道域注意力机制的特征融合方式

针对在基于卷积神经网络的图像处理领域内,大部分特征融合只是通过A dd或者Concat操作进行特征叠加或特征拼接而不能很好地将有效特征进行融合的问题,对Add和Concat特征融合引入通道域的注意力机制,设计了4种可学习的特征融合方式:A-Cat、B-Cat、A-Add和B-Add.为了验证方法的有效性,选择YOLOv...