旋转带肋回转通道流动换热数值模拟

为进一步了解涡轮动叶旋转内冷通道的流动换热规律,选取动叶内通道的相似放大模型进行实验和数值模拟研究。通道进口雷诺数为17 000,3个出口的流量分配比为1∶2∶1,旋转半径与水力直径比为46.4,旋转数分别为0和0.09。静止实验测量了沿程静压系数和努赛尔数(Nu)分布,三维数值模拟了旋转通道内部涡结构对流动换热的影响。结果表明:旋转造成通道涡偏移,改变了速度场分布,使哥氏力指向的壁面附近流速增加;旋转离心力使径向出流沿程静压系数逐渐增加,径向入流沿程静压系数迅速降低;肋扰流涡使沿程展向平均Nu呈多波峰状分布;转弯回流涡使得转弯下游通道的Nu不对称分布;旋转促使内通道的流体偏向哥氏力指向的壁面,增加了径向出流压力面和径向入流吸力面的Nu。     

出流比及旋转数对回转通道流动换热的影响

为深入了解涡轮动叶内通道在旋转状态下的换热分布以及出口流量变化对通道壁面换热的影响,采用数值模拟方法研究了旋转带肋回转通道的流动特性,揭示了旋转数、出口流量分配比例对内通道换热的影响机理。计算模型包含3个通道和2个转弯段,通道进口雷诺数为17 000,旋转数为0~0.09,3种工况下出口1、2、3与入口的质量流量比分别为27%、49%、24%(三个出口均有出流),27%、0%、73%(出口2不出流),27%、73%、0%(出口3不出流)。结果表明:静止内通道的出流比变化仅对第3通道的沿程压力系数Cp和前、后缘面努赛尔数Nu分布有影响;旋转内通道的出流比变化会影响Cp的大小,旋转哥氏力使通道前、后缘面的Nu分布不同;离心力使径向出流通道的Cp随旋转数的增加而缓慢增大,径向入流通道的Cp随旋转数增大而迅速减小;肋扰流涡使沿程展向平均Nu沿流向呈多波峰状分布;转弯回流涡使得转弯下游通道的Nu不对称分布。     

恒壁温下梯形硅微通道热沉流动换热特性

建立了恒壁温条件下微通道中层流流动换热的三维模型,对水力直径分别为108,160和200μm的梯形硅微通道内单相流动换热特性进行了数值模拟研究.研究结果表明:在恒壁温条件下,通道入口段Nu数最大,并沿流程逐渐减小,直至达到充分发展时,Nu数趋于定值;与大管道经典理论不同,充分发展段Nu数随Re数的增加而增加;通道尺度的减小能有效强化换热;恒壁温条件下的平均Nu数总是低于恒热流条件下平均Nu数.同时,对流动阻力损失的研究发现,Poiseuille数与经典值基本吻合.     

三通道旋流冷却流动与传热性能

针对雷诺数为40 000下涡轮叶片内部三通道旋流冷却结构进行瞬态热色液晶实验与数值模拟研究,并与普通转折通道进行比较分析.通过瞬态实验获得壁面高精度的努塞尔数分布与通道的沿程压力损失,结合数值计算结果得到如下结论:旋流通道显著增强了系统的换热能力与换热均匀性,第2、第3流程的壁面平均努塞尔数比普通转折通道分别提升了60%、57%;转折位置的冲击损失与节流损失是三通道结构的主要压力损失;旋流通道的全通道压力系数约为普通转折通道的3倍,且随着雷诺数的增大有增大的趋势;数值计算显示旋流通道内总压损失比静压损失减少了25%,使用总压分析沿程压力系数更为合理.     

带60°肋和出流孔的矩形通道端壁换热特性研究

根据相似理论放大的模型,采用热色液晶瞬态测量技术研究带有60°肋和单排溢流孔的内流通道的换热特性,分析主流雷诺数和出流比对壁面对流换热的影响规律.矩形内流通道进口雷诺数变化范围是20 000～80 000,通道出流比变化范围是0～0.6.实验结果表明:出流作用使出流孔附近区域的换热得到了强化;主流雷诺数一定时,随出流比的提高,壁面平均换热系数和增强系数都先略微增大后逐渐减小;出流比一定时,随雷诺数的增加,端壁平均换热系数基本呈线性增加,而换热增强系数则减小.     

竖直槽道内蒸气向上流动凝结换热的实验研究

通过高速摄影仪拍摄手段,观察了制冷剂R410A蒸气在水力直径为14.34mm、长度为160mm的竖直矩形槽道内垂直向上流动凝结过程中壁面液膜的流动特征.实验结果表明:在饱和温度为28℃和质量流速范围为1.8~23kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1)实验条件下,随着质量流速的增大,壁面出现假滴状流动和层流波状流动,并且随着质量流速的增大凝结液膜逐渐增厚,液膜表面波动亦更加明显;槽道内的平均凝结换热系数随质量流速的增大出现先增大后减小的趋势.实验得到了槽道壁面测温点分割出的四段壁面的各段的平均凝结换热系数的沿槽道轴向的变化情况.     

竖直矩形窄通道空气自然对流换热特性的实验研究

实验研究了竖直矩形窄通道内空气自然对流换热特性.实验段间隙为1.0、1.8和2.5 mm,实验段宽为60 mm,高为800 mm,高与间隙之比为320～800,宽与间隙之比为24～60.实验在环境温度和压力下进行,在实验段宽边两侧对称均匀布置电加热棒间接加热,平均壁面热流密度为100～1 500 W/m2.实验结果表明:由于实验段进出口端部效应的影响,壁面最高温度出现在流道出口上游,而不是出口处;壁面热流密度呈现端部偏高、中部趋于平坦的趋势.换热特性分析表明,本实验结果要比文献中公式预测的结果偏高,并且在0.141～16.8的Rayleigh数范围内,3个实验段的换热可以很好地用关系式Nu=0.263Ra0.308拟合.     

肋对套管内导热和对流耦合换热的影响

数值模拟了带均布纵肋同心套管内的三维导热和对流耦合换热,研究了肋高及肋数对摩擦阻力系数和平均Nusselt数(Nu)的影响.结果表明,肋高和肋数的变化对摩擦阻力系数和平均Nu都有显著影响,平均Nu随着肋数的增加有最大值;入口段Nu随肋高的增大而增大,充分发展段的Nu也随着肋高的增大而增大.     

三通道同心套管导热与对流耦合换热的数值模拟

采用整体求解法对常物性的冷、热流体在三通道同心套管中层流逆流流动时的导热与对流耦合传热问题，进行了数值模拟．结果表明，3个通道除各自的入口段局部努塞尔数Nu沿通道变化外，其后均为充分发展段，局部Nu保持不变，且通道内侧的换热比外侧好．固体与流体的导热系数之比λsf对耦合换热产生影响，耦合情况下的Nu比均匀热流边界条件下的Nu要小，随λsf的减小，固壁内的导热对Nu的影响加大．     

梯形微通道气液分相强化换热实验研究

针对微通道换热器强化沸腾换热,提出分段式梯形换热结构,该结构可实现气泡在表面张力驱动下间断性流向通道两侧,保持中间加热区为液体,实现气液分相流动,进而强化沸腾换热性能。采用无水乙醇为工质,实验研究直肋和梯形结构铜基表面在热流密度为160~320 kW/m²和工质流量为0.4~2.0 g/s时壁温、换热系数等参数变化规律。结果表明：在饱和沸腾区,梯形分相结构可有效实现气液分离,进而降低壁面温度,大幅提高换热系数;如在25 mm位置处,5段结构换热系数比平行结构换热系数提高了60.4%;在单相加热区,换热面积为主要影响因素,直肋结构换热系数略大,但换热系数比饱和沸腾时小一个数量级。平均换热系数分析得到5段结构微通道比平行结构微通道提高了53.8%,可见分段式结构可实现气液分相流动,有效提高沸腾换热的平均换热系数,增强整体换热能力。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that