氮磷添加对温带和亚热带森林土壤碳氮矿化的影响

选取黑龙江五营温带森林和福建武夷山亚热带森林两个站点, 通过120天室内培养实验, 探讨氮磷(NH₄NO₃和NaH₂PO₄)添加对两种森林表层土壤(0~20 cm)碳氮矿化的影响。结果表明, 氮添加通过降低土壤微生物的生物量及其碳氮比来降低亚热带森林的土壤碳矿化, 但对温带森林的土壤碳矿化没有显著影响; 磷添加对两种森林的土壤碳矿化均没有显著影响。磷添加显著地增加温带森林的土壤净氮矿化, 氮添加显著地降低温带森林的土壤净氮矿化, 氮添加和磷添加均对亚热带森林的土壤净氮矿化没有显著影响。总体而言, 可能由于养分可利用性和土壤性质的区别, 温带森林和亚热带森林土壤碳氮矿化对氮磷添加的响应存在区别。     

不同配比氮素形态对添加玉米秸秆白浆土有机碳官能团的影响

采用近边X射线吸收精细结构光谱及定量分析方法,对施入同等氮素用量、不同氮素形态组合n(NH+4)∶n(NO-3)=4,1,1∶4条件下添加玉米秸秆白浆土的有机碳(SOC)官能团进行系统分析.结果表明:添加任何形态的氮素均有助于微生物对混以秸秆白浆土SOC的矿化;氮素以铵硝等比例添加在促进SOC矿化分解方面更具优势,有利于白浆土富里酸组分的形成和积累,使其腐殖酸活性提升较大;硝态氮占优的氮素形态配比更有益于微生物在短期内对SOC的分解转化,微生物多以消耗C—OH获取能量,对于芳香碳也有一定累积作用,提高了SOC分子的整体复杂程度;铵态氮占优的氮素使微生物更易消耗SOC官能团中的羧基,促使其降解形成更多的醇羟基C—OH;混以玉米秸秆白浆土SOC官能团的主要类型有芳香烃C■C和C—H、脂肪烃、羧基C■O、醇羟基C—OH及石墨型C■C.     

氮磷钾对银杏苗生长和生理特性的影响

采用正交设计安排了氮、磷、钾3因素5水平的肥料试验,研究了氮、磷、钾配施对银杏苗木生长及生理的影响。结果表明：（1）不同的氮、磷、钾配施处理对银杏苗木各项生长生理指标均有极显影响。在25种配施处理中,N3P3K5处理有利于银杏苗木的高生长和生物量的积累;N3P1K3和N5P1K5处理有利于银杏苗木叶绿素含量的提高;N3P2K4、N2P3K4、N3P3KL5处理有利于光合速率的提高;（2）氮、磷、钾3种元素对银杏苗木生长和生理的影响效应不同,以氮为最大,其次是磷,钾的影响效应最小;（3）银杏苗木各项生长指标与氮、磷、钾施用量之间存在二次函数关系,根据关系方程求得2年生银杏苗木的合理养分元素施用量,氮肥为2.79-3.47g/盆、P2O5为2.44-2.59g/盆、K2O为1.51-1.98g/盆。     

掺钕钛酸铋纳米结构的水热合成研究

以Bi（NO3）3·5H2O,Nd（NO2）3·6H2O和Ti（OC4H9）4为原料,NaOH为矿化剂,采用水热法合成铋层状钙钛矿掺钕钛酸铋（Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12,BNdT）纳米结构．利用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征产物的晶相和形貌．研究反应温度、矿化剂浓度和反应时间对水热合成BNdT纳米结构的影响．结果表明,在适当的水热反应条件下能有效合成BNdT纳米结构,在反应温度为150℃、175℃、200℃和220℃时分别形成球状、球状与片状共存、棒状和片状产物．     

凋落物添加对亚热带水土流失区人工林土壤氮矿化的影响

为了掌握红壤水土流失区人工林土壤氮矿化过程,探明特殊生境条件下土壤在不同凋落物输入情况下的氮矿化特征,采用室内恒温控湿培养法,研究了3种水热条件下输入4种不同树种凋落叶的土壤中有机氮的矿化进程.培养42 d的结果表明:从培养初期到最大值,添加枫香、木荷等凋落叶的土壤无机氮质量分数增加了3.34~3.97 mg·kg~(-1),添加芒萁凋落叶的土壤无机氮质量分数增加了4.02 mg·kg~(-1),添加马尾松凋落叶的土壤无机氮质量分数增加了0.77 mg·kg~(-1).添加针叶乔木凋落叶土壤氮矿化速率显著低于阔叶乔木和草本植物等凋落叶处理组,各处理组土壤氮矿化速率与添加物的C/N及全氮质量分数显著相关(P0.01).在湿润环境下,各处理组土壤总无机氮质量分数迅速增加,于21 d达到峰值后,生物固持作用大于矿化作用,造成总无机氮和土壤铵氮质量分数的下降.干旱环境下,各处理组的土壤总无机氮质量分数经历培养初期的下降后开始上升,最终将以有机氮矿化而增加土壤的总无机氮质量分数为发展总趋势.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘植被恢复对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

以流沙为对照,研究腾格里沙漠东南缘建植于不同年代(1956、1973和1987年)人工固沙植被区土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化过程及其对水分和温度的响应特征.结果表明,沙区植被恢复显著促进SOC矿化过程,固沙植被建立62 a后, SOC矿化平均速率、最大速率和累积碳释放量分别是流沙的4.12、4.04和4.12倍.植被恢复对SOC矿化的促进作用与水分和温度密切相关, 10%含水质量分数时, SOC矿化平均速率、最大速率和累积碳释放量分别是5%含水质量分数时的1.91、2.27和1.91倍; 25℃时, SOC矿化平均速率、最大速率和累积碳释放量分别是10℃的2.02、3.11和2.02倍.因子分析表明, SOC和全氮是SOC矿化的主要影响因素.总体上,植被恢复促进SOC矿化过程及土壤碳周转,降低SOC中可矿化碳的比例,有利于碳的固存,是植被特征和土壤理化性质等环境因子变化共同作用的结果.     

氮三乙酸根合铬(Ⅲ)与3-苯基偶氮-5-磺基水杨酸的反应动力学

pH为4．4～7．6，温度为40℃，离子强度为0．1mol·dm-3（NaClO4）条件下，研究了［Cr（NTA）（H2O）（H2O）／（OH）－］与染料3－苯基偶氮－5－磺基水杨酸（PASSA）的混配络合物的生成反应动力学．拟1级速率常数为kobs，反应符合Eigen机理．因速率常数（k1，k2）大于水交换速率（kex），故此反应可归属于交换缔合机理。     

喀斯特原生乔木林和次生林土壤氮矿化特征

【目的】探究喀斯特森林土壤氮矿化特征及供氮能力。【方法】以贵州喀斯特原生乔木林和次生林为研究对象,采用树脂芯法,原位连续培养测定土壤氮矿化/硝化动态特征。【结果】①喀斯特原生乔木林和次生林土壤无机氮含量随培养时间延长存在明显的变化,NH⁺₄-N含量呈先增加后减少再增加趋势,NO^-₃-N含量表现为总体增加趋势。NH⁺₄-N是土壤有效氮的主要存在形式,其含量占土壤无机氮的84.57%～94.31%。②两演替群落土壤氮矿化速率呈“V”形变化,范围分别为-0.43～0.97 mg/(kg·d)和-0.91～1.43 mg/(kg·d); 硝化速率呈波动上升趋势,范围分别为0.21～0.49 mg/(kg·d)和0.03～0.31 mg/(kg·d)。③原生乔木林土壤无机氮含量、矿化速率、氨化速率和硝化速率均高于次生林。④原生乔木林土壤氮全年净矿化总量170.82 kg/(hm²·a),是次生林的2.48倍,两种林分土壤净硝化氮分别占净矿化氮的95%和100%。【结论】喀斯特森林土壤供氮能力较强,但土壤氮矿化过程中氮硝化占主导,表明土壤中植物可利用的氮素易于淋溶或挥发损失。     

大兴安岭森林土壤胞外酶活力的时空动态及其对潜在碳矿化的影响

为探索寒温带土壤胞外酶活力的时空动态, 并分析胞外酶对土壤潜在碳矿化速率的影响, 于夏季和冬季在大兴安岭采集3种植被(樟子松、白桦和落叶松)的森林土壤和落叶松林中3种地被层(草本、杜香和苔藓)的土壤, 分别测定与碳(β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶和纤维二糖水解酶)、氮(N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶)、磷(酸性磷酸酶)代谢相关的6种胞外酶活力、潜在碳矿化速率和主要的环境因子。结果表明, 樟子松林和白桦林土壤冬季胞外酶活力均显著低于夏季, 而落叶松林则由于林下苔藓层土壤冬季显著增加胞外酶活力, 呈现不一致的规律。从夏季到冬季, 3种森林类型及3种地被层植物土壤一致地表现为磷限制减弱, 氮限制增强; 樟子松林和白桦林土壤均表现为能量限制增强, 养分限制减弱, 落叶松林土壤则由于苔藓层的相反趋势表现为夏季具有较强的能量限制, 冬季具有较强的养分限制。樟子松林和落叶松林土壤在冬季具有较强的潜在碳矿化速率, 而白桦林则相反, 夏季大于冬季。土壤潜在碳矿化速率受碳代谢酶和氮代谢酶的影响较大, 几乎不受磷酸酶的影响, 但土壤中氮磷元素的相对限制情况对有机碳分解的影响较大, 表现为磷比氮的限制增强, 土壤碳矿化速率减弱。     

微乳液中阳离子型Gemini表面活性剂/牛血清蛋白相互作用

用内源荧光法和动态光散射技术研究了不同实验条件下W／O型微乳液中阳离子偶联表面活性剂（C12H25（CH3）2N-（CH2）、-N（CH3）2C12H25·2Br^-）（12-s-12,2Br^-．s=3、4、6）与牛血清蛋白的相互作用。实验结果显示：微乳液体系中含水量、偶联表面活性剂的含量、牛血清蛋白的浓度、联接基团的长度以及外加盐等因素对表面活性剂／牛血清蛋白的相互作用都有较大的影响。体系中含水量增加．微乳液的最大荧光波长蓝移减小;偶联表面活性剂的含量影响了微乳液的最大荧光波长蓝移;牛血清蛋白浓度较高时．两者之间的相互作用较强;联接基团越长,两者之间相互作用越强．牛血清蛋白越易处于疏水环境中;而盐对偶联表面活性剂／牛血清蛋白静电相互作用有一定的屏蔽效应。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with