列控系统RBC测试序列优化生成方法

目前,列控系统测试序列大多由人工编写而成,在测试项的有效性和测试案例覆盖的全面性等方面存在较多问题.针对传统蚁群算法收敛速度慢和易发生停滞现象等缺点,提出一种基于改进蚁群算法（Modified-Ant Colony Optimization,M-ACO）的测试序列优化生成方法,以RBC单电台切换场景为例,根据CTCS-3级列控系统技术规范构建RBC切换有色Petri网（Colored Petri Net,CPN）模型,由该模型生成状态空间可达图和可扩展标记语言（Extensible Markup Language,XML）文件,采用路径搜索算法生成满足全节点覆盖的测试案例集,根据各测试案例的开始条件和结束条件将测试案例串联后生成测试序列,再应用M-ACO算法生成优化测试序列.最后与序列优选算法及传统蚁群算法进行对比,结果表明：该方法降低了测试的复杂程度,测试利用率较未改进的蚁群算法提高了38.53%,适合复杂系统的测试.     

基于遗传算法的面向多样性EFSM测试序列生成方法

为提高扩展有限状态机(EFSM)测试用例生成的效率及效果,提出了一种基于遗传算法的面向多样性EFSM测试用例集生成方法.在优化遗传算法个体编码和操作算子的基础上,引入EFSM测试序列集多样性度量,利用遗传算法,不断增加测试序列集中测试序列间的差异程度.同时在方法中增加测试序列可行性判别机制,以保证最终测试序列均为能产生测试数据的可执行序列.实验结果表明,与未考虑多样性的EFSM测试序列生成方法相比,面向多样性的方法不仅能够生成可执行并满足测试覆盖准则的测试序列集,而且有效减少了测试序列集生成的时间开销,同时缩小了所需最小测试用例集的规模.     

CTCS-3级列控系统车载设备测试序列的优化

如何将测试案例组合成为最有效和最优化的测试序列,是车载设备测试的一个关键问题.将优化测试序列生成问题演化为邮递员问题,通过利用遗传算法解决邮递员问题的优势,将遗传算法应用于优化测试序列的生成.根据车载模式转换图构造测试子序列图,然后应用遗传算法求解得到优化测试序列.分析实验结果表明,此方法使得测试效率得到了大幅度提高,是一种优化测试序列生成问题的可行方法.     

对时间输入/输出自动机一致性测试的改进

Jan.S等提出了对时间输入／输出自动机（TIOA）模型进行黑盒一致性测试的算法。针对其生成的测试序列数量太大这一问题，提出用可最小化的时间自动机（MTA）模型来描述稠密的实际系统，并用递归算法实现了对测试序列的首部即转换覆盖P的构造。由分析得出结论：使用MTA模型可使上述测试算法生成的测试序列的数量大大减少，从而在不影响其完全性的情况下使该算法更具实用性。     

一种基于模型检验的类测试用例生成方法

提出一种新的自动生成类测试用例的方法.使用符号执行从类源代码抽取对象的状态和行为,以一个四元组抽象描述类,并转化成等价的Kripke结构.使用CTL公式描述测试覆盖标准,然后把这组CTL公式和描述类状态行为的Kripke结构输入模型检验工具,并利用模型检验工具自动生成相应的证据路径,最后将路径转化成满足相应覆盖标准的类测试用例.该方法直接从源代码生成测试用例,并使用贪心法约减冗余用例以降低测试成本.实验表明该方法生成的测试用例具有较高的覆盖率.     

基于有向图的最小完全覆盖互操作测试序列生成算法

互操作测试过程目的是用尽量少的测试序列数目对目标系统实施测试,而又能检测出尽可能多的错误.采用基于有向图的满足互操作测试的最小完全覆盖准则的测试序列生成算法可以生成更有效的互操作测试集.     

改进的基于唯一输入输出序列的测试序列自动生成算法

协议一致性测试中,测试序列一般只能做到半自动生成,其全自动生成问题一直没有得到完全解决.针对此,提出一种改进的基于UIO序列(Unique input/output sequences)的测试序列自动生成算法,并且用C语言程序实现了该算法,从而实现了测试序列的全自动生成.将该算法自动生成的测试序列与测试数据相结合,生成了SM-RL(short message relay layer)协议优化的一致性测试套.与优化前相比,新测试套有了明显的改进,提高了测试工作的效率.     

基于扩展的层次有色petri网的组合服务测试用例生成

为了更好地对Web组合服务中各个服务间的交互行为进行测试,提出了一种基于扩展的层次有色petri网的组合服务测试用例生成方法.首先将OWL-S文档映射成为扩展的层次有色petri网,使其中丰富的语义信息、数据流信息和控制流信息模型化.然后利用扩展的层次有色petri网,着重对各服务之间的数据流关系进行分析,找到所有的输出输入定义使用链,并将其扩展成可执行的测试序列,最后将测试序列和测试数据组合,生成测试用例.其中生成的所有测试序列符合全定义一使用路径覆盖标准.     

一种Web应用测试生成与约简方法

软件测试是保证软件质量的一种重要手段,而复杂的Web应用对测试提出了新的要求.提出一种Web应用测试生成与约简方法,该方法对Web应用导航进行形式建模,使用模型检验导航安全性质所输出的反例分化模型,然后根据分化模型产生测试序列,依据Web应用的特性对测试序列集进行约简.实例演示表明该方法的有效性.     

针对软件中2路并发行为完全覆盖的测试方法

针对软件中2路并发行为的测试序列生成方法,提出一种基于面向测试着色Petri网（testing-oriented colored Petri net, ToCPN)。根据被测软件系统需求构建ToCPN模型,即系统模型,并将待测行为采用着色Petri网（colored Petri net, CPN)进行描述,形成待测行为模型;提出待测行为模型到系统模型的状态投影算法、针对极大状态结点和极小状态结点的状态匹配算法及一系列路径搜索算法,基于以上算法构建出针对2路并发行为的测试序列生成方法。该方法针对待测行为自动生成测试序列,对待测行为所在的2路并发行为的全部执行组合实现完全覆盖且不存在任何冗余,一定程度上解决了软件测试中的状态爆炸问题。对上述算法的有效性提供了证明,并结合测试实践,分析说明了该方法具备明显强于随机漫步（random walk)等其他方法的效果。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the