珠江入海水沙通量变化特征

入海水沙通量的近期变化是流域与海岸相互作用研究的焦点和核心内客.本文利用滑动平均法、秩次相关检验和线性回归检验等方法,对控制珠江入海水沙通量的博罗、马口和三水三个水文站1956～2000年的水文资料进行分析.结果表明:珠江入海水沙通量在年内呈季节性变化,4～9月份八海流量分配占全年的74.3～88.8%,含沙量占91.7～96%;三站含沙量在20世纪90年代之后均呈下降趋势,与同期流量比较,博罗、马口舍沙量产生突变并呈减少趋势,三水站流量相对同期舍沙量则产生突变并呈增加趋势.     

黄河下游洪水输沙效率及其调控

针对黄河下游洪水输沙的复杂性,根据1980～1998年实测洪水资料,以花园口-高村河段为例,建立了洪水输沙用水的人工神经网络模型.在此基础上,以提高洪水输沙用水效率为目标,根据控制原理对洪水输沙过程调控进行了模拟与仿真.根据洪水输沙的实际情况,系统设计中采用了开环控制和反馈控制两种不同的控制结构.开环控制系统中,对不同含沙量条件下洪水平均流量对输沙用水量的控制过程做了数值模拟;结果表明该河段流量对输沙用水量的调控作用明显受到含沙量的影响,当含沙量小于20kg/m3时,流量对输沙用水量减小有很好的调控作用.反馈控制系统中,对给定控制目标下河段入口断面含沙量和流量对输沙用水量的调节过程分别进行了仿真;结果表明如果设定合理的控制目标,花园口-高村河段洪水输沙过程可通过入口断面的含沙量和流量进行调控.最后,根据上述方法,对黄河下游其他河段洪水输沙进行了模拟与仿真.根据综合分析,黄河下游花园口以下河段水流含沙量为20 kg/m3时,适宜的调控流量范围是2390～2900 m3/s.     

六垛南闸闸下淤积现状分析

针对我国在滨海河口地区修建的挡潮闸在河口建闸后普遍存在的泥沙淤积问题,根据苏北灌溉总渠入海口六垛南闸等处的实测资料,分析该挡潮闸下潮汐引河通道冲淤特性,指出挡潮闸下引河的潮流特性、潮流挟沙特性及引河淤积的原因。认为对闸门进行科学合理的控制、有效利用上游有限的泄水量和闸下落潮水流拖淤来防淤减淤是较为简便易行且经济的措施。     

波浪对浅海近岸污染物输移扩散规律的影响

通过对浅海缓坡近岸区大面积波浪场的演化、破碎, 近岸流的生成和波浪对潮流场结构影响的研究, 提出了波浪应作为这类海岸附近污染物输移扩散的重要动力因素. 数值实验证明, 在波浪以一定角度斜向入射时, 近岸排放的污染物在波浪破碎区内将沿岸输移, 排污口在波浪破碎区内这种趋势非常明显. 因而在改善近岸环境的研究和污水海洋处置工程的设计中, 波浪是不能忽略的动力因素, 应加以充分考虑.     

小浪底水库调水调沙期水沙运动全过程模拟

为模拟调水调沙期小浪底库区水沙运动过程,建立了考虑有干支流倒回灌的明流与异重流交替演算的一维水沙耦合模型.该模型采用了适用于复杂支流水系的零维水库法和考虑支流底坡的流量公式计算干支流倒回灌,采用潜入点判别条件衔接明流与异重流计算,并考虑了非静止水面假定下异重流与上层清水的耦合.应用该模型对选取的2002年及2012年小浪底水库调水调沙过程分别开展参数率定及不同工况下的过程反演.计算结果表明,库区自上而下可划分为零支流库区段、明流段和异重流段,考虑倒回灌过程的模型在3个区段均能较好还原实测水沙过程,不考虑的模型仅在零支流库区段和考虑的模型误差相近;由于其忽略了干支流倒回灌对水沙输移的影响,明流段的水位、流量及含沙量在回灌期偏小,在倒灌期偏大;异重流段的潜入点位置及时间滞后,异重流交界面高程、流速及含沙量偏大,计算排沙比过高.另外,模型相关参数的敏感性分析还表明,交界面阻力系数、倒灌阻力损失系数和水量掺混系数对计算结果的影响依次减小;其中交界面阻力系数的增大,一定程度上导致模型响应的滞后;倒灌阻力损失系数的影响,则需依据支流底坡的具体大小分情况讨论.     

矩形液池中热毛细对流起振过程的数值模拟

本文数值研究微重力条件下浅液池中大Pr数流体(Pr=105.6)热毛细对流的转捩过程.当液池两侧的温度差超过临界温度差时,在液池中会出现热毛细振荡对流.振荡对流的涨落值远小于时间平均值,涨落值表现为从冷端向热端传播的热流体波.起振时,涨落值的胞元分布在液层的中心区域;随着外加温度差的增加,涨落值的胞元逐渐充满液层.本文的结果显示了有限延伸矩形容器液层中热毛细对流及其起振过程与其它类型热毛细对流不同的特征.     

三维紊流悬沙数学模型及应用

根据紊流随机理论, 导出了各向异性紊流的Reynolds应力的数值格式. 将精细壁函数应用于边壁处理. 将传统的悬沙运动、床沙级配控制方程推广到三维模型. 给出了床面附近含沙量表达式. 建立了三维紊流悬沙数学模型. 用葛洲坝水利枢纽建库前后水沙资料对该模型进行了检验, 结果基本一致. 将该模型应用于三峡工程坝区泥沙冲淤问题的研究, 预测了三峡工程建成后坝区上游河段泥沙冲淤发展过程及其分布、河床淤积物级配组成及不同时期、不同高程的流场、含沙量场等, 计算结果与物理模型试验值比较接近.     

多尺度非均质多孔介质模拟及参数灵敏度分析

针对多孔介质非均质固有的多尺度性和单一观测资料的局限性, 提出了将确定性和随机性方法相结合以模拟非均质体, 并以海岸平原沉积环境为例, 来说明并检验. 首先, 依据转移概率矩阵, 判断和划分非平稳不整合面, 并综合水文地层学分析, 建立了区域(大)尺度确定性层序模型. 其次, 利用岩心记录剖面和CPT资料, 确定了水文沉积相的水平平均长度, 建立了各沉积系统的Markov模型, 得到了局部(中等)尺度随机水文相模型. 最后, 层序模型和相模型相结合, 生成了融合定量与定性观测资料,兼具确定性与随机性的多尺度非均质模型. 此外, 为进一步研究模型参数的不确定性对溶质运移的影响, 重建了代表两类非均质模型的多个虚拟体, 并分别用来模拟地下水流和污染物运移的过程. 灵敏度分析表明, 水文相水平平均长度的拉长, 一般会导致污染物弥散云的第1, 2阶空间矩趋于增大.     

微通道稀薄气体流动换热特性的研究

用直接模拟Monte Carlo方法对处于Kn = 0.05~1.0范围下的微通道内气体的换热特性进行了分析研究, 结果给出了不同Kn数、不同横纵比下通道内气体温度、壁面热流密度的变化曲线以及同一工况下壁面总的热流密度与局部热流密度随进口流速的变化曲线. 结果表明, 微通道内的换热主要集中在进出口处, 中间部分的换热很微弱, 其换热特性与Kn数及通道的横纵比有很大的关系, 进口流速对总的换热量影响不大, 但却改变了局部热流密度的分布.     

黄河主要来沙区林草植被变化及对产流产沙的影响机制

2000年以来,黄土高原林草植被状况明显改善,同期黄河水沙也明显减少.本文基于20世纪70年代末、90年代末、2010年和2013年卫星遥感影像,引入易侵蚀面积、林草地比例、林草地植被盖度和林草植被覆盖率等概念,并结合实地调查,分析了20世纪70年代以来黄河中游多沙区林草植被的规模、盖度和结构变化;引入产沙系数、径流系数和产洪系数等概念,在流域层面上剖析了黄土丘陵沟壑区林草植被覆盖状况与产沙、产洪和产水的响应关系,揭示了研究区近年水沙大幅减少的原因.研究认为,与20世纪70年代末相比,1998年以前林草植被变化不大,但1998~2013年林草植被覆盖率却由11%~25%增加到35%~55%,该改善过程恰是植被变化影响产沙的敏感阶段;高含沙洪水仍然是未来黄土高原支流的常遇洪水,但含沙量会降低.     

三维正压非线性潮汐潮流伴随同化模型开边界反演研究

在数学物理反问题的框架下,基于渤海、黄海M2分潮波的数值模拟,本文设计孪生实验研究了三维正压非线性潮汐潮流模型中开边界条件的伴随法反演问题,以验证所建立的伴随模型的有效性和正确性。本文同时讨论了开边界条件的空间分布、初值、观测误差以及观测数量对开边界反演的影响,对此参数估计反问题的适定性进行了初步研究.     

The nomological image of nature: explaining the tide in the thirteenth century

The paper examines the relevance of the nomological view of nature to three discussions of tide in the thirteenth century. A nomological conception of nature assumes that the basic explanatory units of natural phenomena are universally binding rules stated in quantitative terms. (1) Robert Grosseteste introduced an account of the tide based on the mechanism of rarefaction and condensation, stimulated by the Moon's rays and their angle of incidence. He considered the Moon's action over the sea an example of the general efficient causality exerted through the universal activity of light or species. (2) Albert the Great posited a plurality of causes which cannot be reduced to a single cause. The connaturality of the Moon and the water is the only principle of explanation which he considered universal. Connaturality, however, renders neither formulation nor quantification possible. While Albert stressed the variety of causes of the tide, (3) Roger Bacon emphasized regularity and reduced the various causes producing tides into forces. He replaced the terminology of ‘natures’ by one of ‘forces’. Force, which in principle can be accurately described and measured, thus becomes a commensurable aspect of a diverse cosmos. When they reasoned why waters return to their place after the tide, Grosseteste argued that waters return in order to prevent a vacuum, Albert claimed that waters ‘follow their own nature’, while Bacon held that the ‘proper force’ of the water prevails over the distant force of the first heaven. I exhibit, for the thirteenth century, moments of the move away from the Aristotelian concerns. The basic elements of these concerns were essences and natures which reflect specific phenomena and did not allow for an image of nature as a unified system. In the new perspective of the thirteenth century the key was a causal link between the position of the Moon and the tide cycle, a link which is universal and still qualitative, yet expressed as susceptible to quantification.     

Leibniz's Observations on Hydrology: An Unpublished Letter on the Great Lombardy Flood of 1705

Although the historical reputation of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) largely rests on his philosophical and mathematical work, it is widely known that he made important contributions to many of the emerging but still inchoate branches of natural science of his day. Among the many scientific papers Leibniz published during his lifetime are ones on the nascent science we now know as hydrology. While Leibniz's other scientific work has become of increasing interest to scholars in recent years, his thinking about hydrology has been neglected, despite being relatively broad in extent, including as it does papers on the ‘raising of vapours’ and the formation of ice, as well as the separation of salt and fresh water. That list can now be extended still further following the discovery of a previously unpublished letter of Leibniz's on the causes of the devastating Lombardy flood of October and November 1705. This letter, which will be the focus of our paper, reveals the depth of Leibniz's understanding of key hydrological processes. In it, he considers various mechanisms for the flood, such as heavy rains on high ground, underwater earthquakes, and a mountain collapse. Over the course of the paper we examine each of these mechanisms in depth, and show that Leibniz was in the vanguard of hydrological thinking. We also show that the letter contains one of the first scholarly attempts to apply aspects of the still-forming notion of the hydrological cycle to account for a flood event.     

森林水文生态效应及在川西亚高山针叶林群落中的研究

水资源亏缺是世界各国政府和科学家们普遍关注的热点问题，而森林在涵养水源、调节水量、减少径流泥沙、降低洪峰、改善水质等方面具有重要的功能，因此森林水文生态效应研究成为生态学家和水文学家们共同关注的焦点。迄今为止，有关森林水文生态效应的研究主要包括集水区森林水文生态效应、水土保持林水文生态效应和森林水文生态效益研究。川西亚高山针叶林位于长江上游青藏高原东缘，在水土保持和调节流域水量平衡等方面具有重要的生态功能。但迄今为止，有关川西亚高山针叶林水文生态效应的研究较少，主要为短期的、定性的、简单观测，这与其在长江流域水量平衡调节中的作用和地位极不相称。因此，建议在未来的研究中，从生态系统过程的角度加强以下研究：森林流域对径流影响的内在机理、不同树种水文生态效应及对比研究和养分循环及水质方面的研究，另外，因为气候、植被和水文密切相关，而且川西亚高山森林是对全球气候变化最敏感的地区之一，所以有必要探讨大气中CO2浓度升高等对森林水文生态效应的影响。     

排水系统入海口新型消能工

通过实体模型试验研究了某排水系统入海口水工建筑物的水力性能，设计提出一种新型的墩栅涡流室消能工。该新型消能工的水力特点是：流出排水隧洞的高速水流大部分通过进口墩栅空隙流入涡流室，小部分在进口墩栅前发生水跃后扎入涡流室中产生强烈的顺时针漩涡，通过水跃、墩栅的阻力和涡流室漩涡的共同作用消能，并将来流的动能转换为势能，之后，涡流室中的大部分水流在重力作用下通过出口墩栅空隙流向下游，其余水流从墩栅项部溢流。这种新型的墩栅涡流室不仅消能效果良好而且出流均匀，并容许各种杂物如石块、泥沙等自由通过，避免涡流室中发生严重的淤积。     

硫酸盐溶液中锌-铜共沉积物的形貌研究

在二维情况下对硫酸铜和硫酸锌的混合溶液进行不同实验条件的电沉积,通过金相显微镜等手段观测了不同电压和浓度下混合溶液中金属生长和共沉积的过程,并通过对比单组分溶液与二元混合溶液的沉积物生长形貌和分形状况,研究了混合溶液在不同电压和浓度条件下所生成的沉积物的形貌规律。实验结果表明:由于金属各向异性,导致混合溶液中的沉积物形貌较单组分溶液更为复杂;而随着电压和浓度的改变,沉积物的形貌由枝晶状向DLA分形和致密结果转变。     

Scaling of respiratory areas in relation to oxygen consumption of vertebrates

Summary Resting oxygen consumption is generally related to the 0.75 power of the body mass. More recent studies on the morphometry of the lungs and gills of vertebrates indicate that the respiratory surfaces increase in area more closely to M^1.0. A possible explanation is that the gas exchange surface is more to be related to themaximum oxygen uptake capacity, rather than to the resting condition. However, recent studies, especially in African mammals, suggest that scales to a power similar to that for resting oxygen consumption and hence cannot be directly related to the respiratory surfaces.In fishes the situation seems to be different as appears to increase more rapidly than standard . Consequently, the ratio between these two is greater in larger specimens and hence they have a greater scope for activity. A possible interpretation of this apparent difference may be related to differences in ventilation, as the tidal ventilation of lungs can lead to a reduction in the difference in oxygen pressure across the exchange surface, whereas in fish gills with increasing size and increasing water velocity there would be a reduction in the resistance to gas transfer. However, it is important to appreciate that such generalizations probably do not hold in all cases and the position of intermediate groups of vertebrates needs to be more closely assessed.This paper is based upon part of a lecture given at the Conference of Comparative Respiratory Physiology, Göttingen, BRD, August 1982.     

Myosins from plants

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of myosin genes from Arabidopsis thaliana and electron microscopic observation of a myosin from characean alga have revealed that overall structure of plant unconventional myosins is similar to that of the class V myosins. These plant unconventional myosins have two heads, a coiled-coil tail of varied length and a globular tail piece at the end. The tail piece is probably a site for membrane interaction. Characean myosin is of special interest because it can translocate actin filaments at a velocity several times faster than muscle myosin, which must have evolved to support the quick movement of animals in the struggle for their lives.     

On the genesis of the soil mantle of the region of Manaus,Central Amazonia,Brazil

Summary The dynamics of the forest to the north of Manaus is tightly linked to that of the soil. The latosol that covers the plateau, which supports a dense forest, consists from top to bottom of: (a) a brown, clayey organic horizon (0.3 m), (b) a yellow horizon, very rich in clay but permeable (from 0.3 to 4 m), (c) a nodular horizon rich in Al and Fe oxides (from 4 to 9 m), and (d) a horizon which still preserves the sedimentary structures of the parent sandstone, where quartz is intensely dissolved and kaolinite crystallizes in pores. In perfectly flat areas, the clay of the organic horizon is destroyed by acidocomplexolysis, and the dissolved Al is transported vertically by the drainage water. A part of this Al is used to make the gibbsite nodules of horizon (c), and the rest is used to make kaolinite in horizon (d). Because aluminum is thus conserved within any vertical prism, the rate of destruction of horizon (a) is equivalent to the rate of advance of the kaolinization zone into the sediment: the latosol is said to be in equilibrium, the surface remains perfectly flat as it slowly sinks, the quantity of kaolinite increases with time, and the silica released by quartz dissolution in the whole profile is exported by drainage water to the water table. In contrast, near drainage axes, however small initially, the drainage becomes inclined toward the axis. Part of the Al released by acidocomplexolysis of horizon (a) is now exported to rivers, and Al is no longer conserved within any given prism. The rate of advance of the kaolinization zone (d) into the sediment now becomes less than the rate of destruction of horizon (a) and the surface sinks faster than that of the surrounding plateau. After this differential podzolization has gone on long enough, it creates a network of geochemical valleys characterized by convex slopes and bounded by sandy soils (campinas). The vegetation becomes sparser and sparser. At the end, only some bushes and lichens survive on the white sand.Acknowledgments. The authors are indebted to Dr E. Merino (Dept. of Geology, Indiana University) for helpful criticisms and suggestions. This research was carried out in I.N.P.A. (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia) and was financially supported by the CNPq-CNRS/ORSTOM conv.