The CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system cleaves bacteriophage and plasmid DNA

Bacteria and Archaea have developed several defence strategies against foreign nucleic acids such as viral genomes and plasmids. Among them, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) loci together with cas (CRISPR-associated) genes form the CRISPR/Cas immune system, which involves partially palindromic repeats separated by short stretches of DNA called spacers, acquired from extrachromosomal elements. It was recently demonstrated that these variable loci can incorporate spacers from infecting bacteriophages and then provide immunity against subsequent bacteriophage infections in a sequence-specific manner. Here we show that the Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR1/Cas system can also naturally acquire spacers from a self-replicating plasmid containing an antibiotic-resistance gene, leading to plasmid loss. Acquired spacers that match antibiotic-resistance genes provide a novel means to naturally select bacteria that cannot uptake and disseminate such genes. We also provide in vivo evidence that the CRISPR1/Cas system specifically cleaves plasmid and bacteriophage double-stranded DNA within the proto-spacer, at specific sites. Our data show that the CRISPR/Cas immune system is remarkably adapted to cleave invading DNA rapidly and has the potential for exploitation to generate safer microbial strains.     

A novel method for ionizing radiation-induced RNA damage detection by poly（A）-tailing RT-PCR

Ionizing radiation (IR) causes severe cellular damage both directly and indirectly and disrupts RNA integrity. RNA strand breaks are the most frequent type of damage caused by IR. RNA damage is involved in the development of degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. However, the mechanism of mRNA damage and any resulting pathophysiological outcomes are poorly understood. This is partly because there is a lack of sensitive tools to monitor damage randomly occurring in RNA,...     

展示肿瘤特异性抗原表位的噬菌体在小鼠体内引起的细胞免疫变化

以含有肿瘤特异性抗原表位的杂合型噬菌体(TSPA-M-A1)作为抗原,免疫C57BL/ 6J小鼠,观察免疫4周后小鼠的细胞免疫变化.结果表明:抗原TSPA-M-A1在小鼠体内能够提高T淋巴细胞对ConA刺激的反应性,使NK细胞杀伤活性明显增高,产生了特异性T淋巴细胞(CTL)反应,引起了较强的迟发型超敏反应.这些结果为肿瘤的免疫治疗提供了实验依据.     

A Novel Immune System Model and Its Application to Network Intrusion Detection

Based on analyzing the techniques and architecture of existing network Intrusion Detection System (IDS), and probing into the fundament of Immune System (IS), a novel immune model is presented and applied to network IDS, which is helpful to design an effective IDS. Besides, this paper suggests a scheme to represent the self profile of network. And an automated self profile extraction algorithm is provided to extract self profile from packets. The experimental results prove validity of the scheme and algorithm, which is the foundation of the immune model.     

A novel algorithm of artificial immune system for high-dimensional function numerical optimization

Artificial immune system has become a researchhot spot after the neural network, fuzzy logic andevolutionary computation[1,2]. Clone means propagat ing asexually so that a group of genetically identicalcells can be descended from a single common ances tor, such as a bacterial colony whose members arisefrom a single original cell as the result of binary fis sion. The idea has been extensively applied in somefields like computer programming[3,4], system con trol[5], interactive para…     

一种新颖的三维零位标记

提出了一种新颖的三维零位对准标记.采用特殊编码的平面零位光栅通过分束棱镜成像在两个相互垂直的平面内,通过调节保证两平面在共有方向的零位重合,从而在三维空间内形成一个完善的X-Y-Z方向的原点重合的绝对坐标系,克服了现有技术只能进行一维或二维平面定位而不能实现在三维坐标系上进行绝对定位的缺点.这种三维零位标记系统简单,可以实现纳米级精度的三维绝对零位.     

一种基于免疫选择的粒子群优化算法

粒子群算法是一种新的群体智能算法,被广泛用于各种复杂优化问题的求解,但算法存在着过早收敛问题.为了克服算法早熟的缺点,将粒子群看作是一个复杂的免疫系统,借鉴生物学中免疫系统自我调节的机制,提出了一种新的基于免疫选择的粒子群优化算法(IS-PSO).免疫系统中的抗原、抗体和亲和度分别对应了待优化函数的最优解、候选解和适应度.IS-PSO通过免疫算法中免疫记忆、疫苗接种、免疫选择等操作有效地调节PSO算法中种群的多样性.给出了算法的详细步骤,并将本文提出的算法与基本的粒子群算法(bPSO)在几个典型Benchmark函数的优化问题应用中进行了比较,仿真结果表明:IS-PSO算法可以有效避免早熟问题,提高粒子群算法求解复杂函数的全局优化性能.     

特异性抗菌i-RNA预防烫伤大鼠大肠杆菌感染的作用及机理研究

利用烧伤动物模型,探讨了特异性抗菌免疫核糖核酸(i-RNA)预防烫伤大鼠大肠杆菌感染的作用及机理。结果发现,治疗组经特异性抗菌i-RNA治疗后所测三项指标(痂下组织细菌定量、心血细菌培养及伤后10天内存活率)均明显优于对照组;并发现治疗组腹腔巨噬细胞(Mφ)吞噬功能、脾淋巴细胞转化率及IL-2渗生能力也显著高于对照组。提示特异性抗菌i-RNA对烧伤动物感染有一定的预防作用,可增强烧伤动物的免疫功能,促进其伤后受抑制的免疫功能尽早得以恢复。     

一种新的抗几何攻击的数字算法

在讨论最低有效位(LSB)算法特点及其抗几何攻击原理的基础上,提出一种新的抗几何攻击水印算法。首先对水印信息做适当的缩放以适应载体图像的大小,使水印和载体图像之间具有同步性;然后运用Logistic混沌系统对水印进行置乱,以增强算法的鲁棒性;最后从像素的低4位中随机选取嵌入位置通过逻辑运算嵌入水印。试验结果表明,算法能够很好地抵抗裁剪、旋转、缩放等几何攻击,对其他攻击同样具有一定的抵抗能力。     

子宫内膜异位症的免疫功能研究(综述)

近年来关于子宫内膜异位症的免疫功能研究取得了显著进展，本文对子宫内膜异位症的免疫发病机制、免疫细胞、自身免疫反应以及丹那唑对子内膜异位症免疫功能的影响进行了综述。     

基于反转相移导频的OFDM系统信道估计

针对两发一收的OFDM系统,引入具有反转相移特性的导频序列,提出了一种新颖的基于离散余弦变换的信道估计方法.该方法有效地降低了不同发送天线上的导频信号之间的相互干扰,大大提高了信道估计精度.利用COST207TU信道模型进行仿真,结果表明,与传统梳状导频和相移导频方法相比,在同样的信噪比下,该方法得到的均方误差更小.     

一种新型的高精度动态车辆称重系统

基于嵌入式μC/OS II平台设计了一种车辆动态称重系统,该系统采用两组压力传感器直接判断汽车行驶方向,判断更加准确;有效解决了由于传感器的非线性和车辆速度因素导致的称重误差,能够快速准确地对过往的车辆进行称重,实时计算、存储、显示,并根据实际情况实施控制。车辆的称重实验表明,相比以往动态称重系统,本系统抗干扰能力强、稳定性好、称重精确。     

Induction of protective immunity against experimental infection with malaria using synthetic peptides

Synthetic peptides are potential vaccine candidates because they may be able to induce high antibody titres and specific cellular immune responses against native proteins and thus the whole invading organism. In a previous study we showed that immunization with molecules of relative molecular mass (Mr) 155,000 (155K) 83K, 55K and 35K, specific for the late schizont and merozoite stages of Plasmodium falciparum, could elicit either partial or total protection in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys experimentally infected with P. falciparum. Here we have chemically synthesized 18 peptides corresponding to different fragments of these proteins to immunize Aotus trivirgatus monkeys. Some peptides gave partial protection from challenge with P. falciparum parasites, but none provided complete protection individually. A combination of three partially protective peptides gave complete or almost complete protection, however, suggesting that this particular combination of peptides is a good candidate for a malaria vaccine.     

A Novel Degradation Pathway of Zn（dmid） （ phen）2 in Pyridine

The light-oxidation degradation processes of Zn(dmid)(phen)2(dmid = 4, 5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole-2 one, phen = 1,10-phenanthroaline) in pyridine solvent has been monitored, h has been found under the light, dmid^2- of Zn(dmid)(phen)2 in pyridine solution could generate NCS^- and NCS^-replaces dmid^2- to form Zn(NCS)2 (phen)2 simultaneously. The crystal structure of Zn(NCS)2 (phen)2 has been determined. In the crystal of Zn(NCS)2 (phen)2. two NCS^- ligands are arranged in syn-configuration, and there is strong π-π interaction between the two adjacent parallel phen.     

HIV感染的治疗性DNA疫苗（综述）

DNA疫苗被称为继完速病原体疫苗和基因工程重组蛋白疫苗后的第3代疫苗,其兼有重组亚单位疫苗的安全性和减毒活疫苗的有效性。HIV感染的防治则以激发细胞免疫为主,以激发细胞免疫为主的DNA疫苗给HIV感染防治带来曙光。目前DNA疫苗在HIV感染防治研究方面已取得显著进展,其临床研究已证明具有明显的刺激机体细胞免疫的效果,尤其是一些细胞因子、趋化因子可明显增强HIV DNA疫苗的免疫反应。就DNA免疫佐剂、HIV病毒基因DNA疫苗作用机制以及加强HIV DNA疫苗的各种调节因素方面的研究进展进行综述,以促进HIV DNA疫苗防治的研究。     

利用改进的小波函数控制(超)混沌离散系统

基于二次的Box-within-a-box分叉理论,得到二维离散混沌系统二参数分叉结构.通过穷尽计算离散(超)混沌系统在二参数平面上的李雅普洛夫指数和Kaplan-Yorke维数,求出系统在二维参数平面上的最复杂混沌吸引子.利用简单的小波函数及其改进形式,构造非线性压缩映射,对(超)混沌系统最复杂混沌吸引子进行了有效、快速的控制,得到了满意的控制结果.数值结果验证了方法的有效性.     

A novel quantum-inspired immune clonal algorithm with the evolutionary game approach

The quantum-inspired immune clonal algorithm (QICA) is a rising intelligence algorithm. Based on evolutionary game theory and QICA, a quantum-inspired immune algorithm embedded with evolutionary game (EGQICA) is proposed to solve combination optimization problems. In this paper, we map the quantum antibody’s finding the optimal solution to player’s pursuing maximum utility by choosing strategies in evolutionary games. Replicator dynamics is used to model the behavior of the quantum antibody and the memory mechanism is also introduced in this work. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach maintains a good diversity and achieves superior performance.     

A group specific anamnestic immune reaction against HIV-1 induced by a candidate vaccine against AIDS

The first experimental immunization of humans against the AIDS retrovirus, HIV-1, was started in a series of HIV seronegative, healthy volunteers in November 1986. For the primary vaccination recombinant vaccinia virus (V25) expressing the complete gp160 env protein of the HTLV-IIIB strain of HIV-1 was introduced by scarification. This elicited a weak primary response which we subsequently attempted to enhance by additional immunizations (boosting), using four different immunization protocols. We report here that intravenous injection of paraformaldehyde-fixed autologous cells infected in vitro with V25 (individual D.Z.) gave the best results. This individual received second and third boosts of intramuscular gp160 derived from an HTLV-IIIB clone using the hybrid vaccinia virus/bacteriophage T7 expression system. An anamnestic humoral and cellular immune reaction was achieved for over one year after the original vaccination, with high levels of antibodies to the viral envelope, and neutralizing antibodies against divergent HIV-1 strains such as HTLV-IIIB and HTLV-IIIRF (also called HTLV-III HAT) after the first boost. In addition, group-specific cell-mediated immunity and cell-mediated cytotoxicity against infected T4 cells were obtained after the primary vaccine and enhanced by the boosts. Finally, skin tests showed both immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to gp160 in vivo. Although this protocol is not practical for a large scale vaccine trial, our results show for the first time that an immune state against HIV can be obtained in man.     

新型的桥式起重机定位系统

本文针对当前桥式起重机追踪定位系统的定位方式上存在定位手段过于原始、定位精度不够、工作效率很低的问题,提出采用激光测距仪和条码定位系统对桥式起重机进行追踪定位的新型系统,应用结果显示,文中所提定位系统较原有定位系统在定位精度上提高了200倍,工作效率有很大提高,并间接地降低了起重机作业中的能耗.