大鼠端脑神经元型一氧化氮合酶免疫阳性神经元的分布

目的 :观察大鼠端脑神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)免疫阳性神经元的分布。方法 :ABC免疫细胞化学法显示大鼠端脑nNOS阳性神经元。结果 :nNOS阳性神经元呈棕褐色 ,胞体的形态多样化 ,呈梭形、三角形、圆形等多种形状 ,突起有一个或多个 ;阳性纤维呈棕色串珠状 ,个别脑区阳性纤维相互交织成网。端脑nNOS免疫阳性神经元主要分布于嗅结节 (包括海马回 )、梨状区 (包括梨状皮质和梨状核 )、斜角带、隔区、杏仁复合体、海马结构、尾壳核和苍白球 ,以及大脑皮质等各个部位 ,其中以大脑皮质、梨状区和斜角带、尾壳核等部位最为丰富。结论 :大鼠端脑内分布有丰富的nNOS阳性神经元 ,它们可能通过调节神经递质的分泌 ,参与脑的高级整合功能。     

Effects of niacin on nitric oxide synthase expression in rat lungs exposed to silica

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of niacin in diet on the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in rat lungs of the animal model of silicosis established by direct tracheal instillation of silica particles into rat lungs surgically. The niacin concentration in serum was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein in paraffin-embedded lung sections was determined by streptavidin/peroxidase (SP) staining. Quantitative analysis by Image-Pro Plus was also performed on the expression of iNOS. The results showed that niacin concentration in serum of the niacin-treated rats was significantly higher than that in the control and silica-treated rats. After 7 days of silica instillation, iNOS integrated optical density (IOD) in rat lungs and total NOS and iNOS activities in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in silica-treated rats rose by 273420.75, 2.61 units/mL and 1.89 units/mL respectively, when compared with those in the control rats. Niacin treatment significantly reduced silica-induced iNOS IOD in rat lung tissues and total NOS and iNOS activities in BALF supernatant by 248292.35, 1.50 units/mL and 0.91 units/mL, respectively, as compared with those in silica-treated rats. Therefore, niacin can effectively attenuate the pathological expression of NOS in rat lung tissues induced by silica particles.     

Regulation between nitric oxide and MAPK signal transduction in mammals

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important biological messenger in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. It exhibits a wide range of effects during physiological and pathophysiological processes. Typical beneficial properties of NO include the regulation of vascular tone,the protection of cells against apoptosis, the modulation of immune responses, and the killing of microbial pathogens. On the other hand,NO may cause severe vasodilation and myocardial depression during bacterial sepsis or act as a cytotoxic and tissue-damaging molecule in autoimmune diseases. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that are widely distributed in mammalian cells. MAPK cascade plays pivotal roles in gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, neuronal survival and programmed cell death under a variety of experimental conditions. MAPKs transduce the signal for the cellular response to extracellular stresses or stimuli. The relation between them, however, has never been reviewed. Based on our researches and other reports in the field, we review their reciprocal regulatory functions.     

Regulation of embryo implantation by nitric oxide in mouse

Intrauterine injection and zymography were used to investigate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on embryo implantation in mice. On day 3, one uterine horn of female pregnant mice was injected intraluminally with various doses of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), while the contralateral horn served as control. Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on day 7 of gestation, and the number of implanted embryos in each horn was calculated. The results showed that lower doses (0.05 mg L-NAME) did not inhibit implantation significantly (P > 0.05), but high doses (0.2 mg L- NAME) resulted in a significant reduction in the number of implanted embryos (P < 0.05). Co-administration of SNP, a generator of NO, with L-NAME would reverse the antiimplantation effect of L-NAME. To further understand the precise mechanism of NO in implantation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) activities were detected by gelatin zymography. The reduction in the number of implanted embryos in 0.2 mg L-NAME treated group was associated with decreased MMP-9 activity but a stable MMP-2 activity. The activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were not changed in L-NAME and SNP treated group. These data suggest that NO acts as a mediator to regulate the activity of MMP-9, and facilitates embryo implantation.     

不同动物小肠肌间神经丛内NOS神经元分布的比较

采用NADPH-黄递酶组织化学法对草鱼、牛蛙、家鸡和大鼠小肠肌间神经丛内NOS阳性神经元的分布进行了比较研究．结果表明，NOS阳性产物在草鱼肌间神经丛中未见分布，而在其它几类动物中阳性反应明显．但在不同动物NOS阳性神经元的形态、分布、密度及神经纤维的分布存在差异．在牛蛙、家鸡和大鼠的小肠肌间神经丛中，NOS阳性神经元的分布从分散到集中，形态呈现由不规则形到规则形再到不规则形的复杂变化；神经节从无到有，神经网络由不发达趋于发达；而在每种动物中，NOS阳性神经元的密度沿肠道由前向后基本呈上升趋势，这种节段性的差异牛蛙极显著，家鸡和大鼠则不甚显著．实验结果提示，随着动物的进化，一氧化氮能神经元在肠肌间神经丛中的分布也更加复杂而有序，从而使胃肠道的调节更加精确．     

高原鼢鼠肌肉脂溶性物质对大鼠一氧化氮合成酶活性的影响

为了探讨高原鼢鼠肌肉脂溶性物质（FSC）的抗缺氧机制，40只SD大鼠随机分为4组：10％FSC组、10％FSC缺氧组、空白对照组和空白缺氧组。FSC组和空白组分别用10％FSC和蒸馏水连续灌胃30d，剂量为每天20mL/kg。灌胃结束后，10％FSC缺氧组和空白缺氧组大鼠在5000m海拔高度下，连续缺氧15d，每天8h，测定各组大鼠血清一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）活性。结果发现，在5000m海拔高度条件下，10％FSC在缺氧条件下能显著提高大鼠血清NOS活性和NO含量（P＜0.05)。     

中国人群eNOS基因内含子13微卫星多态性的初步研究

目的：为研究ｅＮＯＳ基因内含子１３上的微卫星序列与妊高症的相关性。方法：采用ＰＣＲ－ＰＡＧＥ与银染相结合的方法，研究其多态性。结果：得到含有该微卫星序列的ＤＮＡ片段。结论：证实在中国人群中ｅＮＯＳ基因内含子１３上的确存在一个ＣＡ重复的多态性微卫星序列，从而为研究该位点与妊高病的相关性提供了技术支持和理论依据。     

维吾尔族内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因4a/b VNTR多态性分布特征

 应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)-琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术, 检测99 例(男性38 例, 女性61 例)无血缘关系的维吾尔族健康人群的内皮型-氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS)基因第4 内含子数目可变性串联重复序列(4a/b VNTR)多态性, 探讨eNOS 基因4a/b VNTR 多态性在中国维吾尔族健康人群中的分布特征。结果发现, 99 例健康维吾尔族人群中, aa 基因型频率为2.02%(4 例), ab 基因型频率为22.22%(22 例), bb 基因型频率为75.76%(75 例)。男女两组基因型和等位基因的分布差异不显著(P=0.194, P=0.382, P>0.05)。aa、ab、bb、ab+bb 基因型的各种生理生化指标用单因素方差分析进行比较, 不同基因型的生理生化指标之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。维吾尔族eNOS 基因4a/b VNTR 多态性与国内外各民族群体进行比较, 维吾尔族人群eNOS 基因aa+ab 基因型频率显著低于河南汉族、中国台湾汉族、北方汉族和巴西黑人(P<0.05, P< 0.01), 明显高于广东汉族(P=0.050)。a、b、c 3 种等位基因进行比较, 维吾尔族与河南汉族、中国台湾汉族、广东汉族、法国人和巴西黑人有显著性差异(P<0.05, P< 0.01)。结果显示, eNOS 基因4a/b VNTR 多态性符合Hardy-Weinbery 遗传平衡规律(χ²=0.017, P=0.991, P>0.05), 群体具有代表性。由此得出, 维吾尔族eNOS 基因4a/b VNTR 多态性与国内外的一些民族间存在显著性差异。     

肢带型肌营养不良一家系致病基因排除性定位

为了定位一个常染色体显性遗传肢带型肌营养不良家系的致病基因（ADLGMD）,采用13个荧光微卫星标记对收集到的一个包括4代33人的ADLGMD家系进行连锁分析,所选择的标记覆盖了3个已知ADL—GMD致病基因位点和4个已报道的致病基因定位区段．通过Linkage 5．1软件包计算连锁概率,各位点连锁分析所得的LOD值均小于-3,显示该家系致病基因与这7个位点均不连锁．该家系的肌营养不良症致病基因不在已知的位点内,很可能是一个新致病基因．     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对IL-4刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶和精氨酸酶-1表达的影响

为探讨表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)对白介素-4(IL-4)刺激的巨噬细胞精氨酸酶1(Arg-1)和诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)表达的影响.将6~8周龄Balb/c小鼠经无血清DMEM培养基刺激后,收集腹腔巨噬细胞用于体外培养.体外培养的巨噬细胞经20ng/mL IL-4和不同浓度EGCG处理后,用实时荧光定量PCR(RTqPCR)和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法检测Arg-1和iNOS的mRNA表达水平和含量.结果显示IL-4和EGCG单独处理均可显著刺激Arg-1的表达和抑制iNOS的表达,而EGCG(12.5~50μM)增强IL-4刺激的Arg-1表达和IL-4对iNOS表达的抑制作用,且存在剂量依赖效应.上述结果提示EGCG以剂量依赖方式促进IL-4刺激的Arg-1表达、抑制iNOS的表达.     

重组诱导型一氧化氮合酶基因转染血管平滑肌细胞及对其增殖的影响

探讨重组诱导型一氧化氮合酶基因转染血管平滑肌细胞及产生的一氧化氮对血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响。将诱导型一氧化氮合酶基因通过真核表达载体转入血管平滑肌细胞中 ,用Griess法测定转染细胞生成的一氧化氮的量。观察转染后平滑肌细胞生长状态情况 ,用流式细胞仪分析细胞周期的变化。结果正常细胞组NO的含量为78.4 4± 1 5 .38,而iNOS转染组NO含量为 2 36 .5 7± 31 .83,两组相比有非常显著差异 (P =0 .0 0 0 ,n =6 ) ,血管平滑肌细胞转染后生成一氧化氮。转染后的平滑肌细胞生长明显受到抑制 ,主要抑制平滑肌细胞周期G1 S期的过渡 ,使细胞停留在G1期。说明血管平滑肌细胞可以成功转染iNOS基因 ,生成的一氧化氮可明显抑制平滑肌细胞的增殖 ,为从血管非内皮成分进行iNOS基因转染提供了实验研究的依据     

预防性使用HA对兔膝关节固定后关节软骨中iNOS表达的影响

为研究预防性使用透明质酸是否对兔膝关节固定后软骨中诱导性一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iN-OS)的表达有下调作用,将24只雄性新西兰大白兔随机分成两组,每组12只.①透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)组给予左膝关节内注射0.3 mLHA,每周1次,共行5次;②生理盐水(nature saline,NS)组给予左膝关节注射同等剂量NS,每周1次,共行5次.各组均于初次注射后将左下肢给予石膏管型固定,膝部预留窗口以备下次注射.于末次注射1周后处死动物,采集左膝关节股骨髁关节软骨制成石蜡切片.用免疫荧光方法标记各组软骨中的iNOS,在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察其表达情况,并用图像分析系统对其进行计数分析.结果HA组软骨iNOS表达的数量(22.617±3.263 5)明显低于NS组软骨(39.667±5.948 5).差别具有极显著统计学意义(P<0.01).说明:预防性使用HA对兔膝关节固定后软骨中iNOS的表达有下调作用.     

利用机器学习方法对神经肌肉罕见病DMD进行分类预测

为早期诊断和检测神经肌肉罕见病——杜兴氏肌营养不良(DMD),设计了一组分类预测试验.首先,利用小波变换对DMD患者组和健康对照组的磁共振图像(MRI)进行小波分解;其次,从所得的分解图像中提取出若干纹理特征参数并进行降维处理;最后,再基于这些纹理特征参数,利用支持向量机算法(SVM)对试验图像进行分类预测.试验结果显示,若选择适当的小波分解尺度、分类器核函数和相关参数组合,则MRI图像的分类灵敏度、特异度和准确率分别可达96.9%,97.3%和97.1%.该处理方法有望为临床提供客观有效的辅助诊断手段,可作为DMD罕见病无创检测的尝试探索.     

糖尿病大鼠血清一氧化氮浓度的变化

目的 :观察不同病程糖尿病大鼠血清一氧化氮 (NO)浓度变化 ,探讨糖尿病大鼠血清NO变化的规律和意义。方法 :建立链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠模型 ,分别在第 2、7、12周 3个时期取血清 ,葡萄糖酶法测定血清葡萄糖 ,硝酸还原酶法测定血清NO含量。结果 :(1)血糖变化　对照组各时期血糖值维持在正常水平 ;糖尿病组大鼠各时期血糖均明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )血清NO浓度变化　对照组各时期血清NO浓度无显著性差异 ;糖尿病组大鼠 2周时血清NO浓度明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;7周、12周时糖尿病组大鼠血清NO浓度恢复到正常水平 ,与对照组相比无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :NO是糖尿病发生的重要因子之一 ,但可能与血糖的调节无关。     

一氧化氮的特殊生物学效应

从生物学的角度对一氧化氮的生物合成、作用机理和生理功能进行了介绍，并根据有关研究资料就机体内一氧化氮浓度对某些疾病的影响作了阐述。     

云芝多糖在NO诱导的巨噬细胞凋亡中的分子基础

在应用云芝多糖的基础上,用NO诱导居噬细胞凋亡,发现云芝多糖可加强NO诱导的细胞凋亡;通过RT－PCR观察诱导生性一氧化氮合酶基因的表达情况,结果表明云芝多糖能诱导一氧化氮合酶基因表达,并可增强γ干扰纱和脂多糖的诱导作用,提示云芝多糖在动脉粥样硬化中的防治作用是通过诱导诱生性一氧化氮合酶表达而实现的。     

Up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase BM3F87V

Cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent metabolites of arachidonic acid, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), have been suggested to be an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). However, the interaction or relation between EDHF and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is still to be elucidated. In the present study, the regulation of eNOS by endogenous EDHF is examined. The cytochrome P450 epoxygenase BM3F87V is cloned into the mammalian expression vector pCB6. Cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) less than 4 passages are used and transfected with BM3F87V. The effects of endogenous EETs result from BM3F87V transfection on eNOS are assessed in the endothelial cells by Western blot and Northern blot, and eNOS activity is also measured by the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline. Compared to transfection with the empty pCB6 vector, transfection of BAECs with BM3F87V significantly elevates the levels of eNOS protein expression, which is markedly inhibited by treatment with CYP inhibitor 17-ODYA. BM3F87V transfection also elevates the eNOS mRNA level and increases the eNOS activity. This study suggests that EDHF up-regulates eNOS gene expression.     

大鼠颅脑冷冻伤后一氧化氮的变化及其对脑水肿的影响

目的：探讨脑冷冻性损伤后一氧化氮(NO)与脑水肿的关系及其对脑水肿的影响。方法：建立大鼠脑冷冻伤脑水肿模型，测定伤后伤侧脑组织水的质量分数和颈静脉血NO量，并应用一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂进行治疗。结果：伤后伤侧颈静脉血NO浓度增加，但随着脑水肿的加重，NO浓度呈进行性下降。应用NOS抑制剂可以有效减少脑组织水的质量分数。结论：NO与创伤性脑水肿的发生和发展密切相关，NOS抑制剂也许可以用于治疗脑水肿。     

LPS和IL-2对合浦珠母贝血细胞iNOS活性的影响

建立了一种合浦珠母贝血细胞原代培养方法,为贝类免疫学研究提供实验平台。通过台盼兰染色法检测细胞活力,结果显示:7d内细胞生长状态稳定,并且培养基中的FBS对细胞生长活力没有显著影响。以细胞中iNOS活性为检测指标,详细研究了LPS和IL-2对合浦珠母贝血细胞的激活作用。结果表明:LPS和IL-2对iNOS活性的诱导作用表现出浓度和时间依赖的特征。刺激后36h左右iNOS活性达到最大,LPS和IL-2的最佳诱导剂量范围分别为1～10g/mL和10～100ng/mL,并且IL-2对iNOS活性的激活作用较LPS快。     

一氧化氮的细胞内信号转导

本文从一氧化氮/环鸟苷酸途径;激活环氧化酶;调节蛋白激酶C;影响转录因子等多个方面对一氧化氮(NO)的细胞内信号转导途径进行了阐述.