三氯化铝催化合成醋酸正丁酯的研究

以正丁醇和冰乙酸为原料 ,采用三氯化铝 (AlCl3·6H2 O)作催化剂合成醋酸正丁酯 .考察了催化剂用量、原料配比和反应时间等因素对反应的影响 .确定了三氯化铝作为催化剂的最佳反应条件 ;醇酸比例为n正丁醇∶n冰乙酸 =1∶0 .7;催化剂用量为0 .6g ;反应时间为 2 .0h ;产率高达 98.4% (以冰乙酸为基准 ) .并且对催化剂的重复使用效果作了研究     

蒙脱土负载KF催化Knoevenagel缩合反应

将KF负载至蒙脱土上,制备了负载型催化剂,并用于催化Knoevenagel缩合反应,取得了良好的催化效果.对反应条件进行优化,考察了溶剂、催化剂种类及用量、反应时间、反应温度、原料物质的量比以及催化剂循环次数对反应产率的影响.实验结果表明:KF/MMT为催化剂,二甲亚砜作溶剂,反应时间4 min,温度100℃,苯甲醛与丙二腈物质的量比为1∶0. 9的最优条件下,产率可达91%,催化剂循环3次仍保持较高的催化性能.产物通过熔点、红外、核磁进行表征.     

基于均匀设计的生物柴油最优制备工艺参数研究

以均匀设计法安排试验,对大豆油在酯交换反应下制备生物柴油的工艺进行了研究.为获得最优制备工艺参数,考查了n(醇)∶n(油)(3∶1～8∶1)、催化剂质量分数(0.4%～1.4%)、反应温度为(45～70℃)、反应时间(40～140min)及其交互作用对生物柴油产率和原料转化率的影响.结果表明:n(醇)∶n(油)、催化剂用量可显著地影响生物柴油的产率和原料转化率.同时甲醇与反应温度、催化剂与反应时间之间存在对抗效应,而甲醇与反应时间、催化剂与反应温度、反应温度与反应时间之间则存在协同作用.利用回归分析和BP神经网络,确定最优工艺参数为:n(醇)∶n(油)=6∶1;催化剂质量分数1.0%;反应温度45℃;反应时间30min.经液相色谱仪测定,生物柴油产率高达97.6%.     

微波辐射下肉桂酸苄酯的相转移催化合成研究

以肉桂酸钠和氯化苄为原料 ,二乙胺作催化剂 ,采用微波辐射技术 ,在常压下直接合成了肉桂酸苄酯 .讨论了催化剂用量、微波辐射功率和辐射时间对酯产率的影响 .实验结果表明 ,最适宜的反应条件为 :当n肉桂酸钠∶n氯化苄 =1∶3 4时 ,二乙胺的用量 1 0mL ,微波功率 4 5 0W ,辐射 12min ,产率达 85 3%以上 .     

壳聚糖催化合成香豆素-3-羧酸乙酯

以壳聚糖为催化剂,以无水乙醇为溶剂,通过水杨醛与丙二酸二乙酯的Knoevenagel缩合反应合成香豆素-3-羧酸乙酯。对影响香豆素-3-羧酸乙酯产率的因素如反应物物质的量比、反应时间、催化剂用量、溶剂用量、反应温度等进行了研究。结果表明:丙二酸二乙酯0.06 mol、水杨醛0.05 mol、反应时间120 min、壳聚糖3.0 g、无水乙醇10.0 mL、反应温度70℃时,香豆素-3-羧酸乙酯的产率可达87%。催化剂催化效率高,对环境友好,可重复使用。     

Lewis酸离子液体催化合成TCPP

以三氯氧磷和环氧丙烷为原料,在离子液体Et3NHCl-x[AlCl3]催化作用下合成了磷酸三(β-氯丙基)酯(TCPP).确定最佳工艺条件为:n(POCl3)∶n(C3H6O)=1∶3.3,反应温度60～65℃,催化剂用量0.05 g,环氧丙烷的滴加时间约为3 h,产率达98.5%.此工艺有催化剂用量少,产率高,成本低等优点.     

丙酮保护法合成单硬脂酸甘油酯研究

以甘油、硬脂酸为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,丙酮为基团保护剂,氯仿为带水剂,采用基团保护法合成单硬脂酸甘油酯。进而考察了反应物摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量等对产物产率的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。研究发现,最佳合成条件为:n(甘油)∶n(丙酮)∶n(硬脂酸)=1.25∶2.5∶1(摩尔比),缩合反应温度为80℃、时间为3h、催化剂用量为硬脂酸摩尔数的2.5%,酯化反应温度为140℃、时间为4h、催化剂的用量为硬脂酸摩尔数的2.5%;在此条件下,单硬脂酸甘油酯的产率最高可达96.42%。     

固体超强酸S2O2-8/Fe2O3-ZrO2-La2O3催化制备生物柴油

用沉淀-浸渍法制备固体超强酸S2O2-8/Fe2O3-ZrO2-La2O3催化剂,通过XRD和FTIR对其结构进行表征.将该催化剂用于催化制备生物柴油并考察了反应条件对生物柴油产率的影响.结果表明,当Fe、Zr和La的摩尔比为1∶0.42∶0.075时,催化剂活性最高.其催化制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为,催化剂用量为菜籽油质量的2%,醇和油的摩尔比为12∶1,反应温度为220℃,反应时间为10h,产率可达90.3%.催化剂重复使用5次反应时间达50h,产率仍达83%.GC-MS表征表明制得的生物柴油的纯度较高.     

微波常压法合成香豆素的研究

在无水碳酸钾催化下,采用微波常压法由水杨醛和乙酐反应合成香豆素 结果表明:当水杨醛∶乙酐∶碳酸钾=1∶3∶0 2(摩尔比)时,采用495W微波辐射5min,香豆素产率可达92% 同传统合成法相比,该法具有反应时间短、产率高等优点     

聚氯甲基苯乙烯的功能化及其在酯化反应中的应用

以聚氯甲基苯乙烯为载体,通过键合法连接磺酸丙基咪唑,制备固载化离子液体［PS-Im⁺-C₃H₆SO₃H］［p-CH₃C₆H₄SO₃^-］,并用元素分析、红外光谱(FT-IR)和热重(TG)对其进行表征.以对甲基苯磺酸根为阴离子,将固载化离子液体作为水杨酸丁酯合成的催化剂,通过正交法实验,研究酯化反应的温度、时间、催化剂加入量及醇酸摩尔比反应条件对酯化产率的影响.结果表明:反应温度为120 ℃、反应时间为1.5 h、催化剂用量为反应物质量的6%、醇酸摩尔比为2∶1是合成水杨酸丁酯的最优工艺条件;催化剂重复使用6次后,酯化仍有较高的产率.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that