丛枝菌根真菌对氮素的吸收作用和机制

丛枝菌根真菌可以与绝大多数陆生植物共生,它可以吸收铵态氮、硝态氮、一些氨基酸和一些复杂的有机氮素,吸收的氮素在根外菌丝中转化成精氨酸,并以这种形式运输到根内菌丝,在根内菌丝和根细胞界面,精氨酸再进一步转化为NH4^＋后转移到宿主植物体,参与植物氮素代谢,而转移的氮量及对宿主植物氮营养的贡献与宿主植物、真菌以及基质养分和水分条件有关．     

丛枝菌根对采煤沉陷区紫穗槐生长及土壤改良的影响

 丛枝菌根技术是目前矿区生态修复的重要手段之一。通过向紫穗槐接种丛枝菌根（AM）,研究接种后2~14 个月间菌根对紫穗槐生长和土壤改良的影响。结果表明,与不接种相比,接种AM 极显著提高植物成活率7.2%~9.7%,株高极显著增加34%~62%、冠幅极显著增加39%~65%;极显著提高菌根侵染率16%~21%,极显著提高菌丝密度50%~70%;菌根侵染率、菌丝密度与土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮含量显著或极显著正相关;接种AM 能够显著降低土壤pH 值,提高土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮含量;球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白是土壤有机质的重要组成部分,可以灵敏反映土壤质量的变化。接种AM能够促进采煤沉陷区紫穗槐的生长发育和土壤改良。     

解磷细菌对难溶磷肥的解磷效率比较

 磷元素是植物生长必需的大量营养元素之一,土壤中磷素的固定现象严重,有效磷含量降低,影响植物的生长发育。解磷细菌能将基质中难溶性磷转化为可溶性磷,能够提高土壤中有效磷含量。通过玉米盆栽实验,比较不同菌株及其联合作用对土壤中难溶磷肥的释放及对植物生长的影响。结果表明,丛枝菌根与解磷细菌联合作用显著地提高了植物地上、地下的生物量,能够高效地释放出沙土中添加的难溶性磷肥,使土壤有效磷含量增加;沙土的pH值被提高到接近中性,使酸性磷酸酶活性升高,促进有机营养物质转化为无机物,更易被植物吸收利用;接种菌根可以显著提高根系的侵染率和菌丝密度,能够扩大根系的吸收面积,改善根际土壤的环境,达到促进植物生长的目的。利用丛枝菌根真菌和解磷细菌进行微生物复垦,对沙化贫瘠土地的生态修复具有重大意义。     

Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Most land plants are symbiotic with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which take up mineral nutrients from the soil and exchange them with plants for photosynthetically fixed carbon. This exchange is a significant factor in global nutrient cycles as well as in the ecology, evolution and physiology of plants. Despite its importance as a nutrient, very little is known about how AMF take up nitrogen and transfer it to their host plants. Here we report the results of stable isotope labelling experiments showing that inorganic nitrogen taken up by the fungus outside the roots is incorporated into amino acids, translocated from the extraradical to the intraradical mycelium as arginine, but transferred to the plant without carbon. Consistent with this mechanism, the genes of primary nitrogen assimilation are preferentially expressed in the extraradical tissues, whereas genes associated with arginine breakdown are more highly expressed in the intraradical mycelium. Strong changes in the expression of these genes in response to nitrogen availability and form also support the operation of this novel metabolic pathway in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.     

非根际土壤中丛枝菌根网和碳酸钙互作对香樟幼苗氮磷养分的影响

为考察非根际土壤中丛枝菌根网(后简称菌根网)和碳酸钙互作对香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗氮磷养分的影响，模拟构建了植物根际和非根际隔室装置，采用尼龙网隔离实现根际与非根际隔室菌根网互联，在根际隔室中种植香樟幼苗并接种丛枝菌根真菌，在非根际隔室施加或未施加外源碳酸钙，培养期结束后测定植物生物量和氮、磷含量。结果显示：菌根网对香樟幼苗植株生物量，氮、磷摄取量及氮磷比有明显影响；施加碳酸钙明对幼苗植株氮含量、氮摄取量及氮磷比有明显的影响；在施加碳酸钙后菌根网明显提升了幼苗植株生物量，氮含量及氮、磷摄取量，叶片氮、磷摄取量和根的氮磷比；在菌根网存在时施加碳酸钙可明显提高植株氮含量、根和叶的氮摄取量以及根的氮磷比；菌根网与碳酸钙的交互作用明显影响了幼苗植株氮含量，氮、磷摄取量和氮磷比，但对幼苗植株生物量无明显影响。研究结果提示非根际喀斯特土壤中互联菌根网和碳酸钙相互作用能够促进植物对氮磷养分的吸收利用。     

氮沉降和接种菌根真菌对灌木铁线莲非结构性碳水化合物及根际土壤酶活性的影响

【目的】通过研究氮沉降和接种菌根真菌处理对植物根际土壤酶活性和非结构性碳水化合物含量的影响,探讨全球氮沉降变化背景下植物根际微生态环境及植物生长的应对策略。【方法】以1年生盆栽灌木铁线莲单一接菌(根内根孢囊霉,编号+R;摩西斗管囊霉,编号+F)、混合接菌(根内根孢囊霉和摩西斗管囊霉体积比1:1的混合菌剂,编号+RF)的菌根苗和非菌根苗(未接菌,编号-M)为研究对象,设置4个氮沉降处理试验,即不施氮[CK,0 g/(m²·a)]、低氮[LN,3 g/(m²·a)]、中氮[MN,6 g/(m²·a)]、高氮[HN,9 g/(m²·a)],测定1年生灌木铁线莲苗木非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)[可溶性糖(SS)、淀粉(ST)],以及根际土壤酶[β-1,4葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、β-1,4-N-乙酰-氨基葡糖苷酶(NAG)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)]等指标。基于单因素方差分析、双因素交互作用分析和相关性分析方法,在氮沉降量增加的背景下,研究不同接菌处理对苗木根际土壤碳、氮、磷相关酶活性及苗木各器官内非结构性碳水化合物分配的影响,从而探讨接菌处理下各指标对不同氮沉降水平的响应差异。【结果】①除BG活性外,氮沉降、接种菌根真菌及二者交互作用显著影响灌木铁线莲根际土中氮、磷相关酶活性。HN处理下,接种菌根真菌显著降低苗木根际土壤NAG活性。-M处理下,与磷相关的根际土壤ACP和ALP活性在HN条件下显著增加。+R和+F处理下,ALP均在HN处理达到最大。②氮沉降、接种菌根真菌及二者交互作用显著影响灌木铁线莲苗木非结构性碳水化合物。氮沉降处理下,各接菌处理苗木SS、ST和NSC含量高于未接菌处理苗木的,且在+F处理苗木的SS、ST和NSC含量均达到最大。③在LN、MN和HN处理下,-M处理苗木的各器官NSC含量大小顺序为茎<根<叶,而接菌处理苗木的各部位的大小顺序为根<茎<叶。HN处理下,+F处理苗木根内ST和NSC含量达到最大值,茎和叶内SS和NSC含量均达到最大值。④氮沉降和接种菌根真菌处理下,SS、ST、NSC含量与土壤氮相关的NAG活性显著负相关,而与磷和碳相关的酶显著正相关;其中苗木非结构性碳水化合物与磷相关土壤酶ALP活性的相关性系数最高,与碳相关土壤酶BG活性相关性系数最低。【结论】氮沉降和接种菌根真菌处理对灌木铁线莲苗木根际土壤氮、磷相关酶活性的影响高于对根际土壤碳相关酶活的影响,氮沉降处理显著增强菌根苗根际土壤磷酸酶活性。氮沉降背景下,接菌处理提高了苗木非结构性碳水化合物含量,其中接种摩西斗管囊霉的效果最为显著,且明显增加了高氮环境中苗木对根中非结构性碳的分配。     

海泡石与菌根对污染土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn形态的影响

为修复重金属复合污染的土壤,采用连续提取法,通过盆栽实验研究了海泡石与菌根对土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Zn形态的影响。结果表明:海泡石可使Pb、Cd的可交换态转化成其他4种形态,使Zn的可交换态转化成碳酸盐结合态、有机物结合态和残渣态;菌根能显著增加可交换态的Pb、Cd、Zn浓度,降低了Pb的碳酸盐结合态、Cd的铁锰氧化态、Zn的有机物结合态的浓度。海泡石和菌根联合处理同单施海泡石的结果相似,说明联合修复中对重金属形态的影响海泡石起主导作用。该研究证实了海泡石可以调节重金属Pb、Cd、Zn的形态,从而降低污染土壤中重金属的生物有效性。     

接种AMF及施氮对滨海盐土氮矿化的影响

[目的]研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)以及施氮对滨海盐土氮素转化的影响,探究提高滨海盐土氮素供应能力的有效途径.[方法]以江苏北部滨海盐土为研究对象,采用室内培养试验方法,研究接种AMF以及不同施氮水平处理对土壤氮素矿化和氮素供给的影响.[结果]施氮对菌根侵染率...     

丛枝菌根真菌在农业中的应用：研究进展与挑战

 丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza，AM）真菌能够和大多数农作物形成互利共生体系，有效改善作物矿质营养，减轻环境胁迫对作物生长的不利影响，提高作物产量和品质。由于AM真菌的功能多面性，其在农业生产中具有潜在重要作用和广阔应用前景。结合AM真菌农业应用技术途径和适用情景，讨论了作物种植制度和管理措施对AM真菌功能的影响及可能的调控途径，分析了菌根技术发展趋势及面临的机遇和挑战，提出加强AM真菌功能多面性及其应用途径优化研究，将有助于促进AM真菌菌剂相关产业的发展以及AM真菌在农业生产中的广泛应用。     

菌根真菌对有机氮吸收利用的研究进展

综述了菌根真菌对有机氮的吸收利用在植物生理学、分子水平及实验装置方面国内外近年来取得的一些研究成果.菌根真菌吸收有机氮后能向宿主植物转运,其中丛枝菌根真菌吸收氨基氮后在根外菌丝中合成载体———精氨酸(Arg),它既能在根外菌丝(ERM)和根内菌丝(IRM)间双向运转,又能在根内菌丝中经尿素循环分解成NH4+,作为氮源整合入根内菌丝中的其他氨基酸或通过NH4+-转运蛋白转运给宿主植物.已经从菌根真菌中克隆出或检测到表达一些与氮代谢相关的基因.与研究需求相适应的实验装置也在不断发展.     

Amino-acid cycling drives nitrogen fixation in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis

The biological reduction of atmospheric N2 to ammonium (nitrogen fixation) provides about 65% of the biosphere's available nitrogen. Most of this ammonium is contributed by legume-rhizobia symbioses, which are initiated by the infection of legume hosts by bacteria (rhizobia), resulting in formation of root nodules. Within the nodules, rhizobia are found as bacteroids, which perform the nitrogen fixation: to do this, they obtain sources of carbon and energy from the plant, in the form of dicarboxylic acids. It has been thought that, in return, bacteroids simply provide the plant with ammonium. But here we show that a more complex amino-acid cycle is essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium in pea nodules. The plant provides amino acids to the bacteroids, enabling them to shut down their ammonium assimilation. In return, bacteroids act like plant organelles to cycle amino acids back to the plant for asparagine synthesis. The mutual dependence of this exchange prevents the symbiosis being dominated by the plant, and provides a selective pressure for the evolution of mutualism.     

云南寻甸石漠化土壤易氧化碳对丛枝菌根真菌共生的响应

【目的】运用菌根技术改良石漠化土壤性状,已成为石漠化地区植被与土壤恢复的重要生物学途径。揭示丛枝菌根(AM)真菌与植物共生驱动下石漠化土壤碳库及养分状况的变化,探明石漠化土壤易氧化碳(ROC)对土壤碳库及养分变化的响应过程及机制,为石漠化土壤的微生物修复及提高石漠化治理效率提供参考。【方法】采集云南昆明寻甸石漠化土壤,以尼泊尔桤木(Alnus nepalensis)为寄主植物,分别接种摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae, FM)、幼套近明球囊霉(Claroideoglomus etunicatum, CE)、根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices, RI),并设置对照处理(无寄主植物及无AM接种),采用高锰酸钾氧化法测定不同试验处理下土壤ROC含量,探究土壤ROC与碳库组成、养分状况及植物生长之间的相互关系。【结果】不同AM真菌均具有显著的侵染与促生效应,其中RI的侵染率与菌丝侵染密度最大,相较于对照分别提高155%和100%,并显著促进桤木树高(60%)与基径(46%)生长;不同AM真菌均显著提高ROC含量,3菌种对ROC含量的提升率大小顺序为:RI(122%)> CE(78%)> FM(61%)。ROC在土壤总有机碳库中所占比例(52%)远高于微生物生物量碳(3%~6%);3种菌种对土壤养分含量的提升效应表现为:RI > CE > FM。相较于对照,RI 菌种对植物可利用性氮、微生物生物量碳、总有机碳及植物可利用性磷的提升率分别为161%、127%、110%及97%;对ROC变化具有较大贡献的土壤环境因子分别为AM真菌侵染率(96%)、植物可利用性氮(94%)、微生物生物量碳(85%)、总有机碳(78%)及植物可利用性磷(72%)。【结论】AM真菌与尼泊尔桤木共生,显著驱动石漠化土壤碳库与养分含量变化并促进植物生长,进而增加石漠化土壤易氧化碳的积累。研究结果有助于理解石漠化地区植物生长、土壤恢复及活性有机碳沉积的微生物学调控机制。     

Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands

The invasion of woody vegetation into deserts, grasslands and savannas is generally thought to lead to an increase in the amount of carbon stored in those ecosystems. For this reason, shrub and forest expansion (for example, into grasslands) is also suggested to be a substantial, if uncertain, component of the terrestrial carbon sink. Here we investigate woody plant invasion along a precipitation gradient (200 to 1,100 mm yr(-1)) by comparing carbon and nitrogen budgets and soil delta(13)C profiles between six pairs of adjacent grasslands, in which one of each pair was invaded by woody species 30 to 100 years ago. We found a clear negative relationship between precipitation and changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen content when grasslands were invaded by woody vegetation, with drier sites gaining, and wetter sites losing, soil organic carbon. Losses of soil organic carbon at the wetter sites were substantial enough to offset increases in plant biomass carbon, suggesting that current land-based assessments may overestimate carbon sinks. Assessments relying on carbon stored from woody plant invasions to balance emissions may therefore be incorrect.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi infection in desert riparian forest and its environmental implications: A case study in the lower reach of Tarim River

This study was conducted on the desert riparian forest along the lower reach of the inland Tarim River, which is located in the arid region of Northwest China. Fifteen plant species in 10 families were collected from five monitoring sections, and examined for the infection ofarbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF）. The impact of different soil factors on AMF infection rate and intensity was compared using the principal component analysis （PCA） method. The results indicate that 11 species are AM and only 4 are non-AM plants. The estimated capacity of AMF infection depends on families of plants and also the parameters （infection rate, infection intensity, fungal spore density） used. The density of fungal spores was relatively higher in Phragmites communis and Populus euphratica in Graminaceae and Salicaceae families, respectively. The infection rate was above 50% in all the AM plants, except Calligonumjunceum. The highest infection rate appeared in Alhagi sparsifolia （97%） and Glycyrrhizainflata （92%）. However, when compared by AMF infection intensity, Tamarix spp. became the top one, followed by Alhagi sparsifolia, and Glycyrrhiza inflata was in the middle range of all the species. The PCA has identified that soil total salt, moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen, total P, available K and pH were closely associated with the AMF infection.     

大气氮沉降对森林土壤微生物影响的研究进展

大气氮沉降是影响森林生态系统的新生态因子之一,过量氮沉降将改变参与森林生态系统物质转化和养分循环的土壤微生物.作者综述了国内外模拟氮沉降对森林土壤微生物生物量、群落结构和多样性、微生物活性和酶活性、底物利用能力以及功能基因的影响研究现状.结果表明：(1)整体来看,氮沉降对森林土壤微生物生物量产生负面影响的报道较多;(2)氮沉降改变了森林土壤微生物群落的构成和丰富性;(3)氮沉降短期内促进森林土壤呼吸速率,长期氮输入会抑制土壤呼吸速率;(4)氮沉降改变了参与凋落物分解相关土壤酶的活性;(5)氮沉降降低了土壤微生物代谢复杂有机质的代谢能力;(6)氮沉降增加和降低了某些微生物功能基因的丰度.此外,作者还探讨了氮沉降对森林土壤微生物研究存在的问题和未来研究的重点.     

Large-scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drives soil respiration.

The respiratory activities of plant roots, of their mycorrhizal fungi and of the free-living microbial heterotrophs (decomposers) in soils are significant components of the global carbon balance, but their relative contributions remain uncertain. To separate mycorrhizal root respiration from heterotrophic respiration in aboreal pine forest, we conducted a large-scale tree-girdling experiment, comprising 9 plots each containing about 120 trees. Tree-girdling involves stripping the stem bark to the depth of the current xylem at breast height terminating the supply of current photosynthates to roots and their mycorrhizal fungi without physically disturbing the delicate root-microbe-soil system. Here we report that girdling reduced soil respiration within 1-2 months by about 54% relative to respiration on ungirdled control plots, and that decreases of up to 37% were detected within 5 days. These values clearly show that the flux of current assimilates to roots is a key driver of soil respiration; they are conservative estimates of root respiration, however, because girdling increased the use of starch reserves in the roots. Our results indicate that models of soil respiration should incorporate measures of photosynthesis and of seasonal patterns of photosynthate allocation to roots.     

南京典型城市道路植物多样性与土壤因子的耦合关系

目的 植物-土壤系统的作用机制复杂,揭示城市道路绿地植物群落正向演替的限制因子,筛选配置最优的植物群落类型,为城市道路绿化景观再设计提供数据支撑,也为城市道路绿化带土壤管护提供理论指导。方法 以南京市大气污染程度排名前列的3条城市道路(江北大道、诚信大道和仙林大道)为研究对象,选取典型的植物群落进行实地勘察和土壤采样分析,根据植物的生活型划分群落类别(单层群落、双层群落、3层群落和4层群落),采用灰色关联度分析方法测算不同类型群落的物种多样性与土壤因子的耦合关系。结果 随群落层次结构的增加,城市道路绿地的植物群落物种多样性水平呈现升高趋势。4层群落的土壤含水率普遍较高;土壤有机质、土壤全氮和土壤速效钾的含量随群落层次的增加呈现增大趋势。土壤因子更易影响植物的分布,而对植物种类的影响最小;土壤全钾、土壤容重、土壤有机质、土壤全氮、土壤全磷和土壤pH是植物生长的主要限制因子,平均关联系数均大于0.90,与物种多样性的关联度极强。随群落层次结构的增加,物种多样性与土壤因子的耦合度增大。结论 结构层次丰富的植物群落,其生态系统稳定性强,因此,城市道路绿化景观建设中,在考虑环境条件和交通需求的基础之上,植物群落的构建应首先推荐结构丰富的4层群落。     

丛枝菌根对神东煤矿区塌陷地的修复作用与生态效应

 利用丛枝菌根真菌进行土地复垦是目前研究的热点技术之一。在神东煤矿区塌陷地上接种丛枝菌根真菌5个月后,系统地研究菌根对向日葵植株的生长发育、对土壤性状的改良以及根际微生物种群数量的影响。结果表明,接种菌根3个月后,向日葵的开花期较对照可提早2周。接种菌根5个月后其侵染率提高,菌丝密度明显增加。接种区植物生长较对照区明显提高,地上部叶片数和干重较对照明显增加。菌根植物的根系发育状况良好,植株干重提高,籽粒产量增加。菌根植物根际土壤磷和钾含量的有效性增加,微生物数量明显提高,取得较好的菌根生态效应。在采煤塌陷地上接种丛枝菌根真菌,可改善复垦土壤的性状,有利于生态的恢复与稳定,为微生物复垦技术的推广应用奠定了较好的理论基础,具有重要的现实指导意义。     

土壤氮素矿化影响因子研究进展

土壤氮素矿化研究对从农田生态系统氮素平衡到全球变化和环境问题均具有重要意义．本文概述了土壤氮素矿化的影响因素．从目前的研究看,土壤氮素矿化的影响因素主要来自四个方面：土壤环境因子,土壤有机质质量,土壤生物因素和土壤理化性质,主要是在对单个因子的效应方面的研究．土壤氮素矿化的进一步研究应当集中在弄清影响因子及其交互作用的机理的基础上,建立机理模型阐明主要生态系统的氮素矿化过程．     

不同海拔珙桐群落乔木物种多样性与土壤因子关系研究

 为探讨珙桐(Davidia involucrata)生长的最适海拔高度及其与土壤性质的关系,研究了四川卧龙自然保护区白泥岗地带不同海拔高度的珙桐群落的植物多样性及其根际土壤性质.结果表明,海拔1700 m的珙桐群落的物种多样性最高,1500~1700 m是适宜珙桐生长的海拔高度.珙桐根际土壤速效磷、速效氮、速效钾、有机质和含水量在3个土层深度上差异显著;整个地区土壤pH值变化范围小.腐殖质层土样1500~1700m 3个海拔土壤养分含量显著高于1800 m和1850 m 2个海拔;淀积层、母质层土壤养分在5个海拔间的变化规律性不强.相关分析表明,速效磷、速效钾和pH值与群落物种多样性无显著相关性,只有淀积层有机质、腐殖质层含水量与群落物种多样性显著相关,母质层速效氮和淀积层、母质层含水量甚至与群落物种多样性显著负相关.