木本植物响应干旱胁迫的研究现状

为深入了解木本植物响应干旱胁迫的分子机理，本文系统的从木本植物对干旱信号的感知、信号转导到转录调控、生理生化反应以及表型变化等方面总结了木本植物对干旱胁迫可能的响应过程.认为木本植物由于其固着根生的特点，不得不进化出相应的机制来应对不断变化的环境.当遭受干旱胁迫时，木本植物根系细胞膜上的感受器首先感知到土壤水分状态的变化，细胞内的蛋白质和激素调控系统触发相应的干旱适应反应.干旱信号通过细胞间的信号传导路径传递到植物体内的各个部位，主要的信号传导途径包括Ca²⁺信号、激素信号和转录因子调控等.一些关键基因和信号通路，如脱落酸(ABA)信号通路、DREB蛋白家族等也参与调控植物的干旱适应性.木本植物也会发生形态和解剖上的变化来减少水分蒸发和增强根系的吸水能力.本文可为抗旱型木本植物选育提供见解.     

一氧化氮对水分胁迫下小麦叶片中活性氧含量及相关抗氧化酶活性的影响

作为一种普遍存在的信号分子,一氧化氮(NO)参与了多种激素的信号传递过程.本文着重探讨了在水分胁迫条件下,一氧化氮对活性氧及相关抗氧化酶的影响.实验结果表明低浓度的一氧化氮能够提高抗氧化酶的活性,消除自由基,从而缓解渗透胁迫造成的细胞膜脂过氧化损伤;而高浓度的一氧化氮降低了抗氧化酶的活性,使自由基的产生量增加,从而加重了膜的损伤.     

植物盐胁迫的信号传导途径

植物耐盐性研究具有重要意义.近年来,植物盐胁迫信号传导途径一直是植物耐盐性研究的热点.目前已阐明的盐胁迫信号传导途径有酵母和植物中的MAPK(mitogen-actirated protein kinase)途径、拟南芥中缓解离子胁迫的SOS(salt overIy sensitive)途径以及其他蛋白激酶参与的信号传导途径,其中包括钙依赖而钙调素不依赖的蛋白激酶、受体蛋白激酶、糖原合成酶的激酶和组蛋白激酶.因此,植物的耐盐性是个非常复杂的问题,可能是由多种信号分子参与的网络体系.大量转基因实验证明,信号传导途径中的某些组分可改善植物的耐盐性.因此,深入研究植物的盐胁迫信号传导是提高植物耐盐性的前提和基础.     

AtVDAC2参与拟南芥盐胁迫信号应答过程

为了探索VDAC在盐胁迫信号传递途径中可能的传递关系,以AtVDAC2转基因拟南芥过量表达和抑制表达株系为材料,初步探索盐胁迫过程中该基因参与信号传递的方式.实验分析了NaCl处理对种子萌发的影响、Ca²⁺对NaCl胁迫下种子萌发的影响,以及NaCl对气孔运动的影响和盐胁迫相关基因的表达水平.实验结果指出,AtVDAC2基因表达水平变化影响了拟南芥对NaCl的敏感性:高表达的AtVDAC2使得拟南芥种子对NaCl敏感性提高,种子萌发率降低,气孔关闭较快;而低表达的AtVDAC2使得拟南芥对NaCl敏感性降低,种子萌发率高,气孔不易关闭.在NaCl胁迫下添加Ca²⁺,提高了敏感株系种子的萌发率,因而推测Ca²⁺帮助AtVDAC2转基因拟南芥过量表达株系平衡下游的胁迫应答.用实时荧光定量PCR检测盐胁迫应答相关基因SOS1,SOS2的表达水平,发现AtVDAC2的高表达引起了下游应答基因SOS1,SOS2表达水平的相应提高;相反AtVDAC2的抑制表达则导致SOS1,SOS2表达水平下降.由此说明,AtVDAC2参与了拟南芥盐胁迫应答过程.     

生物光子与神经信号传递和处理

指出了针对神经信号传递和处理的主流理论的争论,即神经信号以电信号和化学信号的形式进行传递处理的理论虽然可以很好地解释感觉、运动、反射等神经系统的低级功能,但很难构建出解释大脑高级功能和精神活动的一般概念或原则.提出了神经回路中存在有生物光子(又称生物超弱发光)传递,并可能介导神经信号的传递和处理、参与人脑的高级功能和精神活动.综述了生物光子在神经回路中传递及介导神经信号传递处理的相关理论假说和实验研究.     

土壤干旱胁迫对云锦杜鹃水分利用效率的影响

以盆栽5年生云锦杜鹃苗木为材料,分对照(土壤水分含量为最大田间持水量的75%~80%)、轻度胁迫(60%~65%)、中度胁迫(45%~50%)、重度胁迫(30%~35%)4组,研究了土壤干旱对水分利用效率等生理指标的影响,结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的加重,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度依次降低,水分利用效率在轻度胁迫下增高,在重度胁迫下降低.高温使净光合速率降低,蒸腾速率升高,水分利用效率进一步降低.     

水分胁迫下湿地松优良半同胞家系的光合特性响应研究

采用盆栽试验和光合测定的方法,以湿地松普通种子为对照(CK),测定了7个湿地松优良半同胞家系在弱度水分胁迫(土壤相对含水量为55%～60%)、中度水分胁迫(土壤相对含水量为35%～40%)和强度水分胁迫(土壤相对含水量为20%～25%)条件下的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、表观量子效率(Φc)和羧化效率(CE)等光合特性.实验得知,湿地松光合特性对水分胁迫的响应规律是:各家系的Pn、Cond、Ci、Tr、φc、CE随水分胁迫程度的加深而下降,其中Pn、Ci、CE几乎呈直线下降,各家系的WUF随着水分胁迫的加深先上升,至中度胁迫后下降,Cond、Tr在强度胁迫时趋近于0.不同程度水分胁迫下,不同家系光合特征不同,湿地松半同胞家系的光合特征值明显大于对照,是湿地松各家系生长快、产量高的主要生理原因.     

植物耐盐生理及耐盐机理研究进展

综述了盐胁迫下植物的生理、耐盐机理、胁迫信号传导等方面的研究进展.     

鱼类低温应激和损伤的信号通路与调控机制

许多优良水产养殖鱼类不耐低温，冬季冷害常导致大量养殖鱼类死亡和巨大经济损失，严重制约着我国水产养殖业的发展.低温胁迫可导致鱼类在大分子、细胞、组织、器官和系统水平出现严重损伤现象，进而影响鱼体的神经、免疫、心血管等系统功能.鱼体对低温胁迫的响应依赖于细胞内的各种生物学过程和信号传导通路.鱼体细胞内的Ca²⁺、MAPK、FoxO、自噬等信号通路可感知和传递低温信号，并启动低温应激反应，以增强鱼体的低温耐受能力.同时，低温胁迫也能激活鱼体细胞内的p53、凋亡、坏死等信号通路，促进细胞和鱼体死亡.细胞内存活和死亡信号通路之间的相互作用和动态平衡，决定组织、细胞的损伤程度和鱼体生存.通过重点介绍相关研究的新进展，为深入解析鱼类低温适应分子机制和抗寒育种提供参考.     

铜、水分胁迫下金属型植物海洲香薷水分代谢的变化

金属型植物生长土壤重金属含量高,同时保水性和持水能力差,易造成重金属和干旱双重胁迫。据此,本项目选用铜污染区(CS)和非污染区海洲香薷(NCS)为试材,以水培方法构成Cu、水分胁迫,研究金属型植物蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶片水分利用效率(WUE)以及叶片相对含水量(RWC)等的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,Cu、水分胁迫以及Cu+水分胁迫下,NCS的Tr明显下降,WUE明显提高,RWC和根自然含水量(NWC)下降或明显下降。不同的是,对CS而言,其Tr在Cu胁迫下明显上升,在其它处理下明显下降;其WUE在水分胁迫下明显增加,在其它处理下无明显变化;RWC和NWC下降或明显下降;尽管胁迫下CS和NCS的Tr和RWC均下降,但是下降的幅度有较大差别。总之,在铜和干旱胁迫下,不同来源金属型植物水分代谢存在明显差异,其结果可为尾矿库复垦以及矿山生态恢复提供科学依据。     

Molecular identification of a danger signal that alerts the immune system to dying cells

In infections, microbial components provide signals that alert the immune system to danger and promote the generation of immunity. In the absence of such signals, there is often no immune response or tolerance may develop. This has led to the concept that the immune system responds only to antigens perceived to be associated with a dangerous situation such as infection. Danger signals are thought to act by stimulating dendritic cells to mature so that they can present foreign antigens and stimulate T lymphocytes. Dying mammalian cells have also been found to release danger signals of unknown identity. Here we show that uric acid is a principal endogenous danger signal released from injured cells. Uric acid stimulates dendritic cell maturation and, when co-injected with antigen in vivo, significantly enhances the generation of responses from CD8+ T cells. Eliminating uric acid in vivo inhibits the immune response to antigens associated with injured cells, but not to antigens presented by activated dendritic cells. Our findings provide a molecular link between cell injury and immunity and have important implications for vaccines, autoimmunity and inflammation.     

谱图叠加法用于色谱微弱信号的检测

基于谱图叠加和小波分析技术,提出了一种新的信号处理方法--谱图叠加法.该法可以有效地提高色谱信噪比,使只能定性分析的信号达到定量分析的目的.应用此法处理对氨基苯甲酸毛细管电泳信号,信噪比从3提升至11,其结果令人满意.     

A novel highly unsaturated fatty acid moiety of lipo-oligosaccharide signals determines host specificity of Rhizobium

In Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae, the nodABC and nodFEL operons are involved in the production of lipo-oligosaccharide signals which mediate host specificity. The structure of these metabolites and those produced in nod mutants links the nodE and nodL genes to specific chemical features of the signal molecules. A nodE-determined, highly unsaturated fatty acid and a nodL-determined O-acetyl substituent are essential for the ability of the signals to induce nodule meristems on the host plant Vicia sativa.     

腐植酸核磁共振波谱的研究——几种甲基化腐植酸中各类碳的T_1值和相对含量

采用PRFT法估测了四种甲基化腐植酸中各类碳的纵向弛豫时间T_1值的范围。指出利用~13C—NMR波谱进行腐植酸结构定量研究时,脉冲重复时间PR设5～10秒为宜。T_1值较小说明腐植酸的分子量较大。记录了八种甲基化腐植酸的NNE~(13)-NMR谱图,并进行了定量估算,除巩县风化煤黄腐酸有明显的醌基吸收信号外,其它各样品均无明显醌基吸收,但芳碳信号都十分明显。数据表明,芳香碳及芳香碳与脂肪碳的比例均按土壤腐植酸、泥炭腐植酸、褐煤腐植酸、无烟煤腐植酸的次序递增,而脂肪碳含量则按相同的次序递减。     

Acoustic emission detection of 316L stainless steel welded joints during intergranular corrosion

This study analyzes acoustic emission (AE) signals during the intergranular corrosion (IGC) process of 316L stainless steel welded joints under different welding currents in boiling nitric acid. IGC generates several AE signals with high AE activity. The AE technique could hardly distinguish IGC in stainless steel welded joints with different welding heat inputs. However, AE signals can effectively distinguish IGC characteristics in different corrosion stages. The IGC resistance of a heat-affected zone is lower than that of a weld zone. The initiation and rapid corrosion stages can be distinguished using AE results and microstructural analysis. Moreover, energy count rate and amplitude are considered to be ideal parameters for characterizing different IGC processes. Two types of signals are detected in the rapid corrosion stage. It can be concluded that grain boundary corrosion and grain separation are the AE sources of type 1 and type 2, respectively.     

A new class of homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signals

Quorum sensing is a term used to describe cell-to-cell communication that allows cell-density-dependent gene expression. Many bacteria use acyl-homoserine lactone (acyl-HSL) synthases to generate fatty acyl-HSL quorum-sensing signals, which function with signal receptors to control expression of specific genes. The fatty acyl group is derived from fatty acid biosynthesis and provides signal specificity, but the variety of signals is limited. Here we show that the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris uses an acyl-HSL synthase to produce p-coumaroyl-HSL by using environmental p-coumaric acid rather than fatty acids from cellular pools. The bacterium has a signal receptor with homology to fatty acyl-HSL receptors that responds to p-coumaroyl-HSL to regulate global gene expression. We also found that p-coumaroyl-HSL is made by other bacteria including Bradyrhizobium sp. and Silicibacter pomeroyi. This discovery extends the range of possibilities for acyl-HSL quorum sensing and raises fundamental questions about quorum sensing within the context of environmental signalling.     

Polarized synchronous light scattering characterization of the interaction of proteins with sodium dodecyl sulfonate

In acid buffer solution, proteins with positive charge can react with anion surfactant and result in a great enhancement of synchronous light scattering (SLS) signals. In this contribution, the correlative experiment was made to compare the interaction of human serum albumin (HSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) with sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS). Based on the measurements of the polarization light scattering signals, a new method of scattering polarization was constituted to distinguish these two interaction systems with molecular weight difference (HSA 66 kDa; IgG 150 kDa). The results were con- sistent with the data measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique.     

Molecular cloning establishes proenkephalin as precursor of enkephalin-containing peptides

Molecular cloning and DNA sequencing have yielded considerable structural information about proenkephalin. All previously characterized intermediate peptides of the enkephalin pathways in bovine adrenal medulla have now been aligned into an unambiguous primary structure. Two basic amino acid residues serve as processing signals for release of each of the different components.     

蓝光调节气孔运动的信号途径及其与脱落酸相互关系研究

气孔运动与植物水分代谢密切相关.保卫细胞可有效感知和整合多种环境信号,通过控制离子进出调节其膨压,影响气孔开与闭.诸多研究表明,蓝光信号诱导气孔开放和逆境信号脱落酸(ABA)促进气孔关闭构成了气孔运动的两大研究领域.该文就保卫细胞中蓝光信号传递及与ABA信号交叉控制气孔开闭的研究进展进行综述,以了解气孔对蓝光和ABA反应的最新进展,为发展耐旱与提高作物水分利用效率生物技术的改进提供理论支持.     

基于含咪唑衍生物的逻辑门可控体系的研究

设计基于化合物1-（2-（4-（4-（4，5-二苯基-1H-咪唑-2-）苯基）哌嗪-1-乙氧基）乙基）-4-（4，5-二苯基-1H-咪唑-2-苯基）哌嗪（EDIPP）上的多信号交流的分子开关，化合物EDIPP对酸、金属离子敏感，特别对锌离子有特殊的选择性．该化合物的荧光强度和发射波长也能随酸、金属离子的调节而发生相应变化．在此基础上，实现2个输出信号响应2个输入信号的复杂分子开关．