术语类型系统观

分类是各门科学认识研究对象、获取和组织知识的一般性方法和手段。文章主要研究术语的类型,从语形、语义、功能三个方面出发,根据不同的术语类型划分依据,尝试建立一个术语类型的基本系统。     

术语学内部的不同研究方向

术语学是一门综合性的应用学科,主要致力于理论术语学研究和应用术语学研究。理论术语学研究对应用术语学研究具有重要的指导意义,应用术语学研究也不断影响着理论术语学的发展。理论术语学研究包括类型术语学、术语语义学、称名术语学、功能术语学和认知术语学等一系列研究方向;应用术语学研究包括术语词典学、术语标准化和术语数据库等内容。     

术语变体视阈下的海峡两岸航空术语翻译差异研究

海峡两岸70多年来长期隔离,造成了航空术语翻译方面的较大差异,这些差异从本质上来说属于不同类型的术语变体。文章以术语变体理论为视角,阐释了海峡两岸航空术语翻译的差异现象,并对差异成因进行历时分析。研究结果表明,在六大术语变体类型中,海峡两岸航空术语共时和历时变异现象较为普遍,变体数量较多;由于业内专业分工不断细化,并且存在交流情境、文体类型等差异,两岸各自出现了方言变体、体裁变体和情境变体;航空专业人员对术语翻译偏好差异是两岸出现偏好变体的重要原因。     

汉源术语的本质及其特征

术语是折射人类思维进化的一面镜子。中国的科学思想发展呈阶段性特征——从古代科学到近代科学再到现代科学,每个阶段的术语状况都有所不同。中国独特的科学技术思想通过古代汉源术语研究可以得到彰显,这对当代汉语术语创建以及汉语术语理论研究具有重要的启示意义。文章从中国古代科学知识与思维类型、汉语专业词汇、汉源术语的确定和汉源术语的特征这四个方面阐释汉源术语的本质及其特点,置身于中国传统文化语境中对其展开研究。     

医学俄语隐喻术语的命名解析

根据隐喻映射的源域的语义范畴,通过语义分析确定隐喻术语命名的类型,将其系统化,并描述隐喻化的机制,研究医学俄语隐喻术语命名的本质、类型,并进行解析。俄语医学术语的隐喻命名具有理据性、主观性、体验性、社会性、文化性等特征,可划分为7种类型:人物隐喻、动物隐喻、植物隐喻、颜色隐喻、地理隐喻、神话隐喻、社会形态隐喻。     

从术语的属性看中国的术语学教育

开展术语学的教学与培训,需要深入认识术语的属性特征并且发掘术语属性与其教育之间的关系,然而,目前人们对术语的寓教寓学属性还缺乏研究与认识。文章认为,是术语的寓教寓学属性决定了术语学教育的意义。在术语学教学中,应该注重需求分析,即分析教学与培训的差异、分析学习者的不同类型和教学的适用性问题,并且把提高人们的术语能力作为教学的目标。     

从术语的属性看中国的术语学教育

开展术语学的教学与培训,需要深入认识术语的属性特征并且发掘术语属性与其教育之间的关系, 然而,目前人们对术语的寓教寓学属性还缺乏研究与认识。文章认为,是术语的寓教寓学属性决定了术语 学教育的意义。在术语学教学中,应该注重需求分析,即分析教学与培训的差异、分析学习者的不同类型 和教学的适用性问题,并且把提高人们的术语能力作为教学的目标。     

基于术语教育的术语学习词典研究

术语教育对于推广科学技术至关重要。成功的术语教育要做好资源建设,分学科术语学习词典是重要的资源类型。本文主要探讨基于术语教育的术语学习词典的编纂、使用定位,归纳了这种词典类型的基本特点。同时以法律术语为例探讨了术语学习词典编纂所依据的语料库的入库语篇的四种类型,以及语料库在内容、权威性、语料入库量的比例、难解度四方面的平衡要求,提出了基于语料库提取基础术语的两种基本方法。     

词典编纂参数化理论与术语词典的参数解析

词典参数化理论是在一般词典类型理论的基础上发端并形成的。该理论是词典类型划分理论研究的深入和细化。把该理论研究成果应用于术语词典编纂实践和理论研究,可以帮助专业词典编者全面认识词典诸参数及对词典做精细处理。文章在阐述词典参数化理论的基础上,对术语词典编纂的参数进行了详细解析。     

中医术语的基本结构类型及翻译

中医术语多为四字词组,结构严谨、言简意赅,因此将术语内部成分间的语义、逻辑关系分析清楚,可以作为确定中医术语结构类型的前提和基础。文章从汉英两种语言的语法特点入手,探讨中医术语基本结构的翻译。     

Asymmetric multidimensional scaling of two-mode three-way proximities

An asymmetric multidimensional scaling model and an associated nonmetric algorithm to analyze two-mode three-way proximities (object × object × source) are introduced. The model consists of a common object configuration and two kinds of weights, i.e., for both symmetry and asymmetry. In the common object configuration, each object is represented by a point and a circle (sphere, hypersphere) in a Euclidean space. The common object configuration represents pairwise proximity relationships between pairs of objects for the ‘group’ of all sources. Each source has its own symmetry weight and a set of asymmetry weights. Symmetry weights represent individual differences among sources of data in symmetric proximity relationships, and asymmetry weights represent individual differences among sources in asymmetric proximity relationships. The associated nonmetric algorithm, based on Kruskal’s (1964b) nonmetric multidimensional scaling algorithm, is an extension of the algorithm for the asymmetric multidimensional scaling of one mode two-way proximities developed earlier (Okada and Imaizumi 1987). As an illustrative example, we analyze intergenerational occupational mobility from 1955 to 1985 in Japan among eight occupational categories.     

Multidimensional scaling in the city-block metric: A combinatorial approach

We present an approach, independent of the common gradient-based necessary conditions for obtaining a (locally) optimal solution, to multidimensional scaling using the city-block distance function, and implementable in either a metric or nonmetric context. The difficulties encountered in relying on a gradient-based strategy are first reviewed: the general weakness in indicating a good solution that is implied by the satisfaction of the necessary condition of a zero gradient, and the possibility of actual nonconvergence of the associated optimization strategy. To avoid the dependence on gradients for guiding the optimization technique, an alternative iterative procedure is proposed that incorporates (a) combinatorial optimization to construct good object orders along the chosen number of dimensions and (b) nonnegative least-squares to re-estimate the coordinates for the objects based on the object orders. The re-estimated coordinates are used to improve upon the given object orders, which may in turn lead to better coordinates, and so on until convergence of the entire process occurs to a (locally) optimal solution. The approach is illustrated through several data sets on the perception of similarity of rectangles and compared to the results obtained with a gradient-based method.     

Lowdimensional Additive Overlapping Clustering

To reveal the structure underlying two-way two-mode object by variable data, Mirkin (1987) has proposed an additive overlapping clustering model. This model implies an overlapping clustering of the objects and a reconstruction of the data, with the reconstructed variable profile of an object being a summation of the variable profiles of the clusters it belongs to. Grasping the additive (overlapping) clustering structure of object by variable data may, however, be seriously hampered in case the data include a very large number of variables. To deal with this problem, we propose a new model that simultaneously clusters the objects in overlapping clusters and reduces the variable space; as such, the model implies that the cluster profiles and, hence, the reconstructed data profiles are constrained to lie in a lowdimensional space. An alternating least squares (ALS) algorithm to fit the new model to a given data set will be presented, along with a simulation study and an illustrative example that makes use of empirical data.     

现代工程控制若干理论问题的探析

工程控制是系统获取工程信息、处理工程信息并利用工程信息来调整其行为,以实现工程控制系统所追求目的的过程,是施控主体对受控客体的一种能动作用。任何工程控制系统都是由控制者与被控对象组成,控制者向被控对象施加控制作用,通过反馈,采取纠偏及控制措施,实施所需的控制过程,达到预定的控制目的或曰控制目标。工程控制的对象即质量、进度、费用和安全等。工程控制的方法论原则主要有:协调控制、系统分析、定性分析与定量分析相结合、系统集成、矛盾分析。工程控制论作为一门关于工程控制活动及过程的共同规律、运行机制和方法的学科,在21世纪必将凸现其强大的生命力。     

Additive Biclustering: A Comparison of One New and Two Existing ALS Algorithms

The additive biclustering model for two-way two-mode object by variable data implies overlapping clusterings of both the objects and the variables together with a weight for each bicluster (i.e., a pair of an object and a variable cluster). In the data analysis, an additive biclustering model is fitted to given data by means of minimizing a least squares loss function. To this end, two alternating least squares algorithms (ALS) may be used: (1) PENCLUS, and (2) Baier’s ALS approach. However, both algorithms suffer from some inherent limitations, which may hamper their performance. As a way out, based on theoretical results regarding optimally designing ALS algorithms, in this paper a new ALS algorithm will be presented. In a simulation study this algorithm will be shown to outperform the existing ALS approaches.     

建构科学人文主义的桥梁——基于东南大学“自然辩证法”课程教学调研

在我国研究生培养体制中,自然辩证法是针对理、工、农、医专业的硕士研究生开设的一门政治理论公共课,定位是马克思主义哲学的一个重要组成部分。课程的授课对象与学科性质决定了其文理融合的独特属性。笔者基于东南大学自然辩证法课程的教学调研,认为自然辩证法本身兼具科学理性与人文特质;而自然辩证法教学,则是从实践层面引导理工科研究生体察科学精神与人文精神的内在关联,促进科学文化与人文文化的沟通、实现科学人文主义的重要桥梁与现实路径。     

摹状词指称的存在性和语境

斯特劳森正确地指出,罗素把限定摹状词的存在性预设当作存在性断定,进而把一个违反存在性预设因而没有真值的语句看作一个假命题,这是对预设和断定的混淆。笔者进一步指出,唐奈兰把由世界语境和交流语境造成的关于适合于摹状词的对象是否存在的差别,错误地归结为,在适合于一个摹状词的对象不存在的情况下关于该摹状词的归属性用法和指称性用法的差别。笔者认为,无论归属性用法还是指称性用法,只有在适合于那个摹状词的对象存在的情况下才有指称;关键在于,适合于那个摹状词的对象在不同的语境下可能是不同的。     

Meaning in Life: Meeting the Challenges

Responding to comments by Cheshire Calhoun and Arnold Burms, this piece clarifies some of Wolf’s ideas about the relation between meaningfulness in life, on the one hand, and reasons of love, fulfillment, and objective value, on the other. Meaning tends to come from activities whose reasons are grounded in love of a worthy (objectively valuable) object, and not necessarily from reasons having anything to do with an interest in meaningfulness itself. But what counts as a worthy object cannot be determined either from a totally neutral and impersonal point of view or from the points of view of specific other people who matter to the subject.     

维度之维度——参照系的意义分析

参照系是由一定维向构成的符号化的物质关系系统,本质上是一种实践关系系统。它能在主客体相互作用中,以一种具有符号意义的状态将客体的性质及其量显现出来,获得经验知识;并在参照系变换中确定学科的理论体系。参照系具有界定对象世界及其认识范围的意义。     

论儒家气论的生物多样性智慧

生物多样性智慧体现在中国传统社会主流意识——儒家文化的方方面面。本文主要以儒家气论为研究对象,从生物多样性如何为气所生化、怎样共融同存于自然之中以及为什么会受到人们尊重和爱护三个层面,发掘与梳理了这种世界观中所蕴涵的深刻的生物多样性智慧。当今,汲取与利用这些智慧将是我们维护生物多样性持久繁荣的重要方法和有效途径。