三峡水库香溪河库湾水动力特性分析

为研究解决三峡水库支流库湾水环境问题, 必须探明三峡水库支流库湾的水动力过程. 基于2008年的野外观测数据, 对香溪河库湾水流速度、水温、浊度、水位、流量等因子进行分析. 结果表明香溪河库湾水动力特性难以简单概化为一维特征, 而在深度上具有分层异向流动特征. 支流上游来水主要以顺坡底部异重流形式流出库湾; 干支流水体密度差的变化及水位变动带来干支流水体处于频繁的交换状态, 水库干流水体主要以倒灌异重流形式进入库湾. 香溪河库湾异重流主要由水体之间的温差和浊度差引起, 其中温差是主要原因. 倒灌异重流潜入点深度主要决定于干支流水体密度差; 潜入点异重流厚度主要受水库干支流水体密度差及水位高低影响; 潜入库湾的距离主要受支流上游来流量、水位高低及水位日变幅影响.     

三峡水库调度运用对出库水沙过程影响研究

采用三峡水库干支流河道一维非恒定流水沙数学模型,开展了三峡水库蓄水后2003年6月～2012年12月出库水沙过程还原计算,以对比分析三峡水库调度运用对出库水沙过程影响.结果表明:2008年以前,受建库影响,出库洪峰过程变得更加尖瘦,峰值增大,大流量天数增多,出库时间提前;2008年以后,受汛期洪水调度影响,出库洪峰过程变得更加矮胖,峰值减小,大流量天数减少,出库时间滞后;受水库枯期补水影响,建库后出库小流量天数显著减少,出库最小流量值明显提高;建库后出库沙峰过程坦化,峰值减小,出库时间滞后,建库后出库含沙量基本维持在0.5kg/m~3以下;汛期坝前水位保持不变时,建库后出库洪峰流量增大值在2 000m~3/s以内,洪峰出库时间提前1～2d,沙峰出库时间滞后1～5d.     

2步法改善长距离渠系结冰盖期的水力响应

针对长距离渠系结冰盖期控制仿真模型中,在采用普通PID控制器和下游常水位运行时水位、流量波动幅度和变化率大的问题,提出了2步法的闸门控制运行方法.该方法利用了变步长步进式控制法和改进的PID控制器的优点,分离了结冰盖期冰盖糙率和控制器对渠系水力响应的影响,使用该方法对南水北调中线工程总干渠京石段进行模拟,结果表明此方法明显减小了渠系结冰盖期的水位流量波动幅度和变化率,有利于渠系冬季冰盖生成的稳定性和避免发生冰灾.     

水库周边地下水位时滞监控模型

建立水库周边地下水位监控模型有利于掌握地下水位升降变化规律,确保周边人民生产和生活安全．由于环境量对地下水位存在一定的滞后影响,因此,要准确描述地下水位的涨落过程,必须考虑水位和降雨的滞后效应．本研究应用正态分布函数模拟库水位和降雨的滞后效应,建立了周边地下水位监控模型,根据该模型对某水库周边地下水位进行了建模分析．研究结果表明,基于滞后函数的周边地下水位监控模型,不仅可得到准确的滞后参数,同时具有较高的计算精度．     

河流冰盖热力增长的数值模拟

文章基于多相流理论,建立了河流的热力与水力条件耦合的二维河道模型.模型把河流当作大气-冰体-水体的一个耦合系统,考虑了系统中界面的热量交换,并考虑了冰花在冰盖下堆积对冰盖热量交换的影响.在不同的入口冰花浓度、冰盖上表面温度、入口水流速度的工况下,对冰盖的增长进行了模拟分析,获得了冰盖厚度的增长特征与冰盖形成后水体速度场和温度场的分布特征.模拟结果表明:入口冰花浓度越大、冰盖上表面温度越低、入口流速越小,则形成的冰盖厚度越大;断面上的流速越大,水温越低.     

不同取水口高程对阿海水库水温分布的影响

大型水库由于水深大流速小,水体易出现垂向温度分层,对库区及其下游河道的生态环境造成明显的影响.为了减弱水温分布的不利影响,常采用分层取水.本文采用三维水温数值模型对阿海水库两种取水口高程下的水温分布进行预测,重点分析了取水口高程对库首水体的温跃层强度、均温层的位置和下泄水温的影响,为阿海水库的设计和生态调度提供了一定的参考依据.     

泉州市山美水库水资源风险管理研究

本研究以泉州市山美水库为研究对象,考虑来水和需水等不确定性因素对水库水资源风险管理的影响,基于供用水系统风险理论计算出旬尺度的山美水库最下限库水位线,提出山美水库水资源风险管理方案,并与实际水位调控进行对比分析.结果显示:山美水库现状库水位全年维持在较高的水平,可结合本次计算得到的山美水库水资源风险管理方案适当降低现状库水位,随着未来综合需水量的增加再考虑逐步抬高库水位,从而提高山美水库综合利用效益.     

水库在所处水体流域减排工作中所起作用的研究

通过对近几年辽阳市参窝水库入库和出库水质的对比,来说明水库对其所处水体流域污染减排中发挥着重要的作用。     

长沙地区湖泊水库水温变化及影响因素研究

以长沙地区用于水源热泵的湖泊水库水体作为研究对象,建立一个湖泊水体水温计算模型,通过模型求解结果与实测数据的对比,验证了模型的正确性.利用建立的水温模型研究了长沙地区的湖泊水体水温变化规律及其影响因素,计算出长沙地区湖泊水体冷凝热与取热量热承载能力,并且对冷热承载能力的影响因素进行了分析,其结果可作为以湖泊水体为热源的水源热泵系统的设计参考.     

基于不同保温措施下的铁水包热状态模拟分析

在铁钢界面现有模式下的铁水运输过程中,由于铁水包运行周期及保温效果不够理想,导致在高炉接铁时铁包耐材温度低,热状态差,使得铁水在铁水包内的热量损失较大.减小铁水温降能有效防止铁水包结壳结瘤,降低离线烘烤频率,间接提高铁水包周转率;同时在转炉冶炼过程中,低温铁水将严重影响废钢的加入量和吹氧等操作.由此可见,铁水温度控制是钢铁企业节能降耗和高效有序生产的关键因素之一.为了减小铁水温降,本文建立了多种不同保温措施情况下的铁水包传热模型,通过fluent软件对各模型在不同空包时间情况下的温度场进行数值计算,分析不同保温措施及空包时间下热状态对铁水温降的影响规律.分析结果表明:无保温措施的情况下空包时间由5h缩短至3h能降低下一周期铁水温降2.2K·h-1;空包阶段最合理的保温措施为增设6 mm左右绝热层并加包盖,能提高工作层平均温度约155 K,在空包3～5 h内能减小铁水温降3.4～3.7 K·h-1.该结论为铁水包空包阶段采取合理保温措施及不同保温情况下空包运行时间控制提供了理论指导.     

寒区隧道围岩水热耦合数值分析

寒区隧道土体中的水分迁移和相变是冻害问题的主要诱因.基于混合物理论,建立考虑水分迁移和水冰相变的联合求解微分方程对水热耦合问题进行求解,并使用 COMSOL Multi-physics 软件进行模块开发,实现渗流-温度耦合数值模拟,进而将模拟结果与土柱冻结实验的结果进行对比,证明水热耦合模型是正确的.最后以西藏自治区米林隧道为例,对温度场、水分场模拟分析并对是否考虑水分迁移的温度场进行对比.结果表明:随着时间的增加,隧道顶部边界气温由-0.82℃降低到-9℃,隧道内部边界温度由-0.74℃ 降低到-11.11℃,并在3月份隧道温度回升;含冰量峰值出现在1月份,在3月份含冰量开始下降.同时,未考虑水分迁移的温度场中热传导速度较快,证明相变潜热对隧道中温度场的分布影响远大于液态水靠重力迁移造成的热对流传热.研究成果直观反映富水寒区隧道的冻害发生过程,具有一定的参考价值.     

Mechanism of frost heave by film water migration under temperature gradient

Conclusions Based on the principle of freezing point superposition, a model for predicting unfrozen water content is worked out and it can consider the influences of five factors: soil variation, water content, temperature, solution concentration and overburden pressure. The difference of values between determination and calculation is less than 3 %. According to the curve of unfrozen water content vs. temperature and initial freezing point and temperature at the cold end of soil body, a way for estimating ice segregation temperature is presented. The difference of values between determination and calculation is less than 0.3°C. The thickness of frozen fringe changing with time has three models. The calculation method needs further study.     

Thawing and freezing processes of active layer in Wudaoliang region of Tibetan Plateau

The interaction between permafrost and atmosphere is accomplished through transfer of heat and moisture in the overlay active layer. Thus, the research on the thermal and hydrodynamics of active layer during the thawing and freezing processes was considered a key to revealing the heat and moisture exchanges between permafrost and atmosphere. The monitoring and research on active layer were conducted because permafrost occupies about two thirds of the total area of the Tibetan Plateau. Based on the analysis of the ground temperature data and soil moisture data of monitoring near the Wudaoliang region of the Tibetan Plateau, the thawing and freezing processes of active layer were divided into four stages, i.e. summer thawing stage (ST), autumn freezing stage (AF), winter cooling stage (WC) and spring warming stage (SW). Coupled heat and water flow is much more complicated in ST and AF, and more amount of water is migrating in these two stages. Heat is transferred mainly via conductive heat flow in the other two stages, and less water migrated. Four water migration and coupled heat flow processes were addressed for the thawing and freezing stages, which are water infiltration driven by gravity, moisture advection and distillation driven by temperature and osmotic gradients, water migration driven by capillarity and unfrozen water migration driven by temperature gradient. The water content near the permafrost table tends to increase after one thawing and freezing cycle, which is the main reason for the development of thick ground ice layer near permafrost table.     

Origin and fate of Lake Vostok water frozen to the base of the East Antarctic ice sheet

The subglacial Lake Vostok may be a unique reservoir of genetic material and it may contain organisms with distinct adaptations, but it has yet to be explored directly. The lake and the overlying ice sheet are closely linked, as the ice-sheet thickness drives the lake circulation, while melting and freezing at the ice-sheet base will control the flux of water, biota and sediment through the lake. Here we present a reconstruction of the ice flow trajectories for the Vostok core site, using ice-penetrating radar data and Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of surface ice velocity. We find that the ice sheet has a significant along-lake flow component, persistent since the Last Glacial Maximum. The rates at which ice is frozen (accreted) to the base of the ice sheet are greatest at the shorelines, and the accreted ice layer is subsequently transported out of the lake. Using these new flow field and velocity measurements, we estimate the time for ice to traverse Lake Vostok to be 16,000-20,000 years. We infer that most Vostok ice analysed to date was accreted to the ice sheet close to the western shoreline, and is therefore not representative of open lake conditions. From the amount of accreted lake water we estimate to be exported along the southern shoreline, the lake water residence time is about 13,300 years.     

冻结条件下土壤水热耦合迁移数值模拟的改进

根据冻结条件下土壤水分运动和热量迁移的基本方程，推导出了冻土水热耦合方程，并构造了采用变化的空间步长和自动调节时间步长的全隐式有限差分计算格式，使模型求解中的迭代计算过程大为简化，计算速度有很大提高。用本模型对张掖壤土的室内冻结过程进行了模拟，土壤水分、温度的计算值和试验值吻合较好。计算结果表明，该方法不仅能模拟冻结过程中土壤水分、温度的变化，且在计算中土壤含水量较低时不需要在冻结区引入冰的阻抗系数的概念，较好地改进了已有的数值模拟，为模拟各种不同条件下的土壤冻结过程创造了条件。     

C3断块K2t1注水外溢及合理注采比

针对C3断块K2t13边底水油藏地层压力长期得不到有效恢复的问题,在确定注水外溢时机的基础上,应用数值模拟方法研究了注采比、油水粘度比、注水时机、边水体积、注水井位置、地层倾角等因素对注水外溢的影响。利用统计回归方法建立了注水外溢的定量表征模型,进一步结合物质平衡原理开展了合理注采比研究。研究结果表明,注采比对C3断块K2t13油藏注水外溢的影响程度最大;受注水外溢的影响,随着注水量的增加,油藏有效注水并没有得到同步增加,甚至会降低;合理注采比研究结果表明,当注采比在1.8左右时,该油藏地层压力恢复速度才能达到最大值。     

过冷水雾相变传播及温度场的实验研究

实验表明在过冷水雾相变传播过程中伴随有脉冲型单峰形式的温度上升,相变传播速率约为1．2cm/s,温度的波形和峰值以及相变的传播速度与过冷水雾的初始温度基本无关,据此对过冷水雾冰晶机制作了探讨。     

不连续分凝冰发育规律的研究

提出并推导土体在冻结过程中由于冻结速度和水分移速度的影响,造成不连续分凝冰有单薄冰层、双冰层和厚冰层３种发育模式,采用受控试验的反演分析验证了不连续分凝冰的发育模式,试验结果同时表明：在整个试验期间,分凝暖端的孔隙冰压力变化平稳;当单薄冰层和双冰层发育时,冰分凝温度和孔隙水压力波动较大,尤其是在双冰层生长时,冻结缘发育最充分,分凝暖端的温度和孔隙水压力降低幅度最大;在厚冰层形成后,由于冻结锋面推移     

黄土高原祖厉河流域咸水淡化与高效利用

为缓解我国北方苦咸水分布地区淡水资源紧缺的状况,开展咸水多级冰冻淡化试验,揭示咸水结冰过程水质变化机理。试验结果表明:冷冻结冰法能有效淡化咸水,Ⅰ级冰融水的脱盐率可达60%以上;咸水多级冷冻结冰过程,不同离子结冰迁移速率不同,致各级冰融水离子组成发生变化。多级冰冻淡化方法可以在祖厉河流域推广和应用,其充分利用自然能源,具有经济环保,简单易行,既可小规模分户实施也可大规模处理等优势,是解决当地春旱期生活用水及农业用水困难的有效途径之一。     

Structural transformation in supercooled water controls the crystallization rate of ice

One of water's unsolved puzzles is the question of what determines the lowest temperature to which it can be cooled before freezing to ice. The supercooled liquid has been probed experimentally to near the homogeneous nucleation temperature, T(H) ≈ 232 K, yet the mechanism of ice crystallization-including the size and structure of critical nuclei-has not yet been resolved. The heat capacity and compressibility of liquid water anomalously increase on moving into the supercooled region, according to power laws that would diverge (that is, approach infinity) at ~225 K (refs 1, 2), so there may be a link between water's thermodynamic anomalies and the crystallization rate of ice. But probing this link is challenging because fast crystallization prevents experimental studies of the liquid below T(H). And although atomistic studies have captured water crystallization, high computational costs have so far prevented an assessment of the rates and mechanism involved. Here we report coarse-grained molecular simulations with the mW water model in the supercooled regime around T(H) which reveal that a sharp increase in the fraction of four-coordinated molecules in supercooled liquid water explains its anomalous thermodynamics and also controls the rate and mechanisms of ice formation. The results of the simulations and classical nucleation theory using experimental data suggest that the crystallization rate of water reaches a maximum around 225 K, below which ice nuclei form faster than liquid water can equilibrate. This implies a lower limit of metastability of liquid water just below T(H) and well above its glass transition temperature, 136 K. By establishing a relationship between the structural transformation in liquid water and its anomalous thermodynamics and crystallization rate, our findings also provide mechanistic insight into the observed dependence of homogeneous ice nucleation rates on the thermodynamics of water.