重组草酸青霉生淀粉糖化酶的酶学特性鉴定

【目的】了解在毕赤酵母中表达的来源于草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)GXU20的重组生淀粉糖化酶的酶学特性。【方法】用3,5-二硝基水杨酸法测定pH值、温度、金属离子和化学试剂对纯化的重组生淀粉糖化酶的活力的影响,同时测定酶的底物特异性、酶对生淀粉的吸附能力以及酶对不同生淀粉的水解效率等,用高效液相色谱法对该酶水解生木薯淀粉的产物进行分析鉴定,用扫描电子显微镜观察重组酶对不同生淀粉颗粒的水解方式。【结果】重组生淀粉糖化酶rPoGA15A的最适pH值为4.5,最适温度为65℃,在pH值为2.0~10.0时,重组酶具有较好的pH耐受性,温度小于50℃时,酶的稳定性好。除Ag~+、Cu~(2+)和SDS之外,其他大部分金属离子和化学试剂对重组酶的酶活力影响不大。重组生淀粉糖化酶对大米和玉米生淀粉的活性较高,对木薯和马铃薯生淀粉的活性次之,重组生淀粉糖化酶rPoGA15A对不同生淀粉的吸附能力与其对相应不同生淀粉的水解活性大小呈正相关。扫描电子显微镜观察表明重组生淀粉糖化酶对不同生淀粉颗粒的降解作用明显,水解方式各有特点。高效液相色谱分析表明该重组生淀粉糖化酶水解生木薯淀粉的产物仅有葡萄糖。重组生淀粉糖化酶rPoGA15A在40℃下对大米和玉米生淀粉水解72h后水解率分别达到86.5%和71.9%。【结论】重组生淀粉糖化酶具有广泛的pH耐受性,对生淀粉具有高水解活性,在生淀粉的水解和生料同步糖化发酵生产酒精中有一定的应用潜力。     

双酶协同作用机械活化玉米淀粉的水解规律

采用搅拌球磨机对玉米淀粉进行机械活化,研究α-淀粉酶和糖化酶协同作用下活化淀粉的水解,探讨pH值、反应温度、酶用量、淀粉浓度等因素对活化淀粉水解的影响规律.结果表明,双酶协同作用下机械活化淀粉水解DE值比原淀粉高,说明机械活化能有效破坏淀粉的结晶结构,提高淀粉双酶水解的反应活性,加快酶解速度,缩短酶解时间.     

菊粉内切酶在毕赤酵母中的表达及酶学性质测定

为了实现菊粉内切酶在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)中的高活性表达并对表达的菊粉内切酶酶学性质、水解菊粉的产物进行分析。通过下载无花果曲霉菊粉内切酶基因的编码序列,做了密码子优化后进行全基因合成,然后在毕赤酵母GS115中表达。对表达的菊粉内切酶的酶活、最适反应温度、最适pH值、热稳定性进行了分析,最后对酶水解菊粉的产物进行了高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析。摇瓶表达的酶活力为420 U/mL,酶的最适反应温度为55℃,最适反应pH为6.0。HPLC分析表明:表达的菊粉内切酶酶解底物菊粉的主要产物为低聚果糖,聚合度为3～5之间。构建的工程酵母可以高效表达菊粉内切酶,可以用于生产低聚果糖。     

嗜碱芽孢杆菌耐热耐碱内切木聚糖酶基因的密码子优化及在毕赤酵母中的表达

【目的】研究极端耐热耐碱的木聚糖酶,使其能够满足造纸行业中碱性高温的苛刻环境。【方法】将一种来源于嗜碱芽孢杆菌S7的耐热耐碱内切木聚糖酶基因(xyn10A)密码子进行优化,基因合成后克隆至pHBM905BDM载体上,并转化毕赤酵母GS115菌株。【结果】木聚糖酶基因(xyn10A)优化后与原始序列比对相似性为76.70%。基因合成后克隆到pHBM905BDM载体上,并成功转化毕赤酵母GS115菌株。通过交联木聚糖底物平板水解圈法初筛及摇瓶复筛得到一株产酶量较高的菌株,且其在摇瓶发酵第10天达到最高酶活力,为495U/mL。另外,糖基化分析表明该酶在毕赤酵母中表达时被糖基化修饰。【结论】密码子优化后的极端耐热耐碱木聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中成功表达。     

玉米多孔淀粉的制备

以玉米淀粉为原料,研究了玉米多孔淀粉制备过程中各种因素对产物成孔效果的影响,探讨了酶解成孔的机理,并对制备工艺进行了初步优化.在糖化酶和耐高温α-淀粉酶混合成的复合酶作用下,玉米淀粉水解制备玉米多孔淀粉的最佳工艺为:加酶量为按照理论水解55%淀粉的30倍加入量,糖化酶与耐高温α-淀粉酶的配比7:1,反应体系pH值5.6,酶解温度60℃,淀粉浓度60%,反应时间20h.反应后玉米淀粉的吸油率由16.15%提高到了47.59%.     

朱黄青霉α-葡聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

【目的】提高朱黄青霉（Penicillium minioluteum ）α-葡聚糖酶（Dextranase）基因在毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）中的表达水平。【方法】根据毕赤酵母的密码子偏爱对酶基因进行优化与合成。优化后的基因片段与载体 pGAPZαA 连接,转化毕赤酵母 KM71 H。【结果】获得组成型分泌表达α-葡聚糖酶的工程菌 KM71 H／pGAPZαA-dex。发酵工艺试验中,摇瓶培养144 h,酶活为153 U／mL。6．8 L发酵罐补料分批培养92 h,酶活达到1218 U／mL。【结论】该工程菌以甘油作为碳源,发酵调控简单,产酶水平较高,具有适用于大规模生产的潜力。     

新型Ⅰ型普鲁兰酶基因的克隆表达及酶学性质

【目的】筛选并克隆表达高酶活且具有一定热稳定性的新型普鲁兰酶。【方法】克隆Tumebacillus flagellatus GST4的普鲁兰酶基因pulB,构建重组质粒后转化宿主菌大肠杆菌进行诱导表达,再运用亲和层析进行纯化并分析其酶学性质和结构。【结果】pulB在大肠杆菌中实现可溶性表达,发酵液上清酶活力达到78U/mL,粗酶液经纯化后比活力为258U/mg。重组酶PulB最适反应温度和pH值分别为55℃和5.0,在较窄的酸性范围内(pH值4.5~5.5)酶活力比较稳定;对普鲁兰糖的Km=(16.28±0.03)mg/mL,Vmax=(22.05±0.02)μmol·min-1·mg-1。PulB的DNA序列与GenBank数据库里的任何序列都没有同源性,在蛋白质序列上,由基因pulB编码的氨基酸序列与T.aegyptius的环麦芽糖糊精酶相似性最高,BlastX比对的Identities为54%,Positives为69%,SMART结构预测分析发现,pulB具有淀粉酶的结构域。底物特异性分析表明,它可水解普鲁兰糖和支链淀粉生成线性的低聚糖或麦芽三糖。【结论】重组酶PulB是尚未报道的新型普鲁兰酶,它可水解普鲁兰糖和支链淀粉,属Ⅰ型普鲁兰酶。     

Klebsiella sp.GXK-1的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的酶学性质

【目的】克隆、表达克雷伯氏菌Klebsiellasp.GXK-1菌株中的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶基因,并研究重组酶的酶学性质。【方法】比对分析GenBank数据库中克雷伯氏菌同属的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶基因序列,设计简并引物PCR扩增基因的保守区。扩增目的基因,以pSE380为表达载体构建重组质粒pSE-rha1,并在大肠杆菌E.coli XL-blue进行诱导表达,使用镍亲和层析纯化重组蛋白,研究目的蛋白RHA1的酶学性质。【结果】以pNPR为底物,进行重组酶酶学性质的研究。重组酶RHA1的最适pH值和最适温度分别为5.0和45℃,Km值为(0.223±0.030)mmol/L,V_(max)值为(1.272±0.121)μmol/(min·mg)。在pH值为6~10的缓冲液内酶活力仍保持在80%以上;在温度为40℃以下时,酶活较为稳定,但在温度高于40℃时酶活力迅速下降。RHA1能水解pNPR、橙皮苷和芦丁。【结论】RHA1具有良好的pH稳定性,不仅能够水解人工底物pNPR,还能够水解α-1,6键的天然底物橙皮苷和芦丁,具有一定的医疗应用价值。     

β-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中的表达研究

根据芽孢杆菌β-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶基因序列设计引物,以pHBM102为模板,扩增得到β-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶GluD基因片段,克隆至毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达载体pHBM905上,获得重组毕赤酵母表达载体pHBM905D,将此质粒分别转化毕赤酵母GS115,KM71和SMD1168菌株,筛选获得GS115(pHBM905D),KM71(pHBM905D),和SMD1168(pHBM905D),平板诱导培养表明,GS115(pHBM905D)所产生的水解圈最大,酶活力最高.摇瓶诱导培养,表达β-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶,此酶的最适反应温度为65℃,最适反应pH值6.4,在诱导8 d后酶活力达到最高为0.185 8 U/mL.     

α-淀粉酶和糖化酶的表达及酿酒酵母工程菌的构建

将切除了５′端非编码区５０碱基对片段的黑曲霉糖化酶ＧＡＩｃＤＮＡ与大麦α淀粉酶基因重组进大肠杆菌酵母穿梭载体,构建重组表达质粒ｐＭＡＧ１１,转化酿酒酵母ＧＲＦ１８,获得含α淀粉酶和糖化酶双基因的酵母工程菌ＧＲＦ１８（ｐＭＡＧ１１）．在酵母ＰＧＫ基因启动子和终止信号的调控下,α淀粉酶和糖化酶基因获得高效表达,９９％的表达产物分泌至胞外．在含ｗ＝１５％的可溶性淀粉的ＹＰＳ培养基中培养４４ｈ,淀粉水解率达到９９％,并能发酵产生酒精     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with