引气剂对混凝土气泡特征参数的影响

对比研究了掺6种引气剂混凝土的含气量、气泡间距系数、孔径分布及气泡平均直径等气泡特征参数.结果表明,除个别引气剂外,掺不同引气剂的新拌混凝土,其含气量与硬化混凝土含气量及气泡间距系数之间不存在相关性;即使新拌混凝土含气量相同,掺加不同品种引气剂混凝土的气泡间距系数、孔径分布依然有显著差别.同一品种引气剂,随含气量增加,气泡间距系数先减小后增加,小气泡和气泡总数先增加后减少;含气量过大,气泡结构变差.用含气量来评价掺不同品种引气剂混凝土的抗冻性,可能会产生较大的偏差.     

冻融循环条件下引气剂对混凝土抗渗性和抗冻性影响的试验研究

通过电通量试验、表面气体渗透试验和硬化混凝土气泡参数试验,对冻融后混凝土的抗渗性及抗冻性进行了分析研究。试验结果表明引气剂可大范围阻断毛细气孔通路,引气剂对冻融次数越多的混凝土试件抗渗改善效果显著。随着混凝土冻融次数的增加,混凝土的电通量、表面气体渗透深度和表面气体渗透系数均逐渐增大。在相同冻融次数下,随着引气剂掺量的增加,表面气体渗透深度和表面气体渗透系数逐渐减小,抗渗透能力提升。在合理引气的条件下,引气剂掺量越多,引入的小气泡越多,气泡间距系数越小,改善了冻融循环条件下混凝土的抗渗性和抗冻性,提高了混凝土的耐久性。     

基于工业扫描分析混凝土气泡结构与抗盐冻性能

利用工业扫描(CT)技术对混凝土盐冻过程中气泡结构变化进行可视化表征和定量计算.研究发现引气是提高混凝土抗盐冻性能最重要的手段,建议含气量为5%~7%,同时气泡间距系数与混凝土抗盐冻性能有直接关系,气泡间距系数小于238μm时混凝土具有较好的抗盐冻性能.引气混凝土由于内部有大量小而封闭的气泡,其气泡间距系数较小,盐冻过程中气泡能够缓解结冰压,降低盐冻破坏的程度;非引气混凝土由于结冰压无法释放,当结冰压大于混凝土所能承受的膨胀力时,会在表面产生微裂缝并逐渐扩展,最终造成表面浆体剥落,形成盐冻破坏.     

橡胶粉对混凝土在水和NaCl溶液中抗冻性的影响

通过快冻试验研究了平均粒径为140μm的橡胶粉对不同水胶比混凝土分别在水中和NaCl溶液中的抗冻性.研究表明,橡胶粉体积掺量为2%～4%时,其在混凝土中的颗粒中心距为330～660μm,高于引气混凝土建议的气泡间距20～200μm,而橡胶粉对混凝土抗压强度及抗冻性的影响效果与引气剂相当.橡胶粉掺量在合适的范围内可大幅度提高混凝土在水中和NaCl溶液中的抗冻性,但在NaCl溶液中的抗冻性较在水中差.     

盐碱溶液对混凝土抗冻性能的影响

基于盐碱寒冷地区的工程环境与混凝土的配制特点，模拟配制了SA溶液，采用正交方案试验研究了SA溶液及水灰比、含气量和粉煤灰掺量3个参数对混凝土抗冻性能的影响．结果表明，由于产生渗透压和结晶压，盐碱溶液对混凝土的抗冻性能有严重的影响．水灰比为0．40的混凝土，置于SA溶液中的最大冻融次数比相应的置于水中的最大冻融次数平均减少22．5％；含气量对混凝土抗冻性能的影响最大，水灰比次之，粉煤灰掺量最小；随着含气量增加，最大冻融次数增大，当含气量从3．0％增大至6．0％时，最大冻融次数的增加幅度较小；随着水灰比和粉煤灰掺量的增大，最大冻融次数减小；孔结构是影响混凝土抗冻性能的最根本因素，优化孔结构是改善混凝土抗冻性能的核心技术措施．     

气泡结构特征对混凝土抗盐冻性能的影响

采用快冻法研究普通混凝土、引气混凝土和高性能混凝土在3.5%(质量分数)的NaC l溶液中的抗盐冻性能以及混凝土抗盐冻性能与气泡特征参数间的关系.结果表明:当引气剂的品种确定后,混凝土的气泡平均间距(L-)和气泡平均直径(D-)在很大程度上依赖于含气量,含气量越高,L-和D-越小;矿物掺合料对混凝土的气泡结构特征及其规律性并没有明显的影响;掺引气剂是提高混凝土抗冻融破坏能力的有效手段,同一般冻融环境中混凝土的普通抗冻性一样,含气量对抗盐冻性的影响也存在一个临界范围,在普通冻融环境中,混凝土的临界含气量为2.0%～3.0%,盐冻环境下临界含气量提高到4.5%～5.0%;高性能混凝土具有良好抗盐冻性所要求的气泡平均间距与强度等级有关,在强度等级低于C50时,混凝土的气泡平均间距必须小于250μm,当强度等级提高到C60以上时可增大到700μm.     

浅谈碾压式水泥混凝土路面特性及耐久性

结合碾压混凝土路面的特性,分析其抗冻性能低的原因,重点论述了如何提高水泥混凝土路面抗冻性的措施及其评价方法。     

机场道面混凝土性能优化设计研究

研究了含气量和掺合料对机场道面混凝土抗弯拉强度、抗冻性和抗盐冻剥蚀性的影响.结果表明:通过引气,可显著提高其抗冻性和抗盐冻剥蚀性,且较明显地提高混凝土的抗弯拉强度;相同含气量下,干硬性混凝土抗冻性和抗盐冻剥蚀性明显低于常态混凝;为了获得较高的后期强度增长,当采用硅酸盐水泥配制混凝土时,建议掺质量分数为15%的低钙粉煤灰或矿渣粉.气泡结构参数分析数据可很好地解释这些试验结果,并证明了干硬性混凝土的引气泡稳定性和气泡结构要显著比常态混凝土差.     

白石水库工程RCD碾压混凝土配合比设计分析

通过对影响混凝土配合比的几个重要因素,即砂率、单位用水量、单位水泥用量、粉煤灰掺量及外加剂种类的综合分析,确定了白石水库水坝碾压混凝土的最终配合比,改进配合比试验了了优化配合比的目的,降低了水泥用量,从而降低了大坝温度控制的难度;外加剂的使用增强了混凝土的抗冻能力,使得水泥的强度效应与抗冻效应要 煤灰的使用改善了混凝土的工作性能,还收集了国内外几十座碾压混凝土大坝的混凝土配合比设计资料进行统计分析     

现浇护堤植生型生态混凝土性能指标及耐久性能

概括介绍了生态混凝土的概念、性质以及分类情况,就国家863专项“镇江水环境处理”中的生态堤部分,提出了护堤植生型生态混凝土的概念及其护坡技法;然后对混凝土基础材料与受保护土体级配之间的关系进行了分析,重点讨论了该生态混凝土在物理、力学以及耐久性方面的性能指标．试验结果表明：添加了SR-3的生态混凝土,其28天的抗压强度达到20MPa以上,透水系数在0．25～0．60cm／s之间,并且抗冻耐久性在60次循环以上．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.