Evolution of the CBM reservoir-forming dynamic system with mixed secondary biogenic and thermogenic gases in the Huainan Coalfield,China

The secondary biogenic gas is an important original type of the coalbed methane (CBM) in China. Based on the analyses of sedimentary and burial history of the Permian coal-bearing strata, combined with thermal history and gas generation process of coals, the CBM reservoir-forming dynamic system with mixed secondary biogenic and thermogenic gases in the Huainan Coalfield is subdivided into four evolutionary stages as follows: (i) shallowly-buried peat and early biogenic gas stage; (ii) deeply buried coal seams and thermogenic gas stage; (iii) exhumation of coal-bearing strata and adsorbed gas lost stage; and (iv) re-buried coal-bearing strata and secondary biogenic gas supplement stage. The Huainan CBM reservoir-forming model has the features of the basin-centered gas accumulation. The evolution of the reservoir-forming dynamic system proves that the thermogenic gas is not the main gas source for the Huainan CBM reservoir. Only the secondary biogenic gases as an additional source replenish into the coal bed after basin-uplift, erosional unroofing and subsequent scattering of thermogenic gases. Then this kind of mixed CBM reservoirs can be formed under suitable conditions.     

井下注气强化煤层气抽采效果的工程试验与数值模拟

为提高特低渗透煤层的煤层气抽采效果,在重庆天府矿业公司850 m深井,采用注入组分为78%的N2的方法,进行了强化注抽煤层气的工业性试验.分别试验了单孔与多孔干扰情况下自然涌出、负压抽采、注气涌出、边注边抽和间歇注气试验.结果表明:在常规抽采达到极限后进行注气,甲烷抽采时间-浓度曲线呈现先上升后下降的单峰波形状态,间歇注抽的甲烷浓度高于边注边抽的甲烷浓度,但衰减较快,注气距离短,长时边注边抽的注抽效果好于间歇注抽效果.注气孔网间距4 m,渗透率1.112×10-4mD的煤层,连续注抽5 d后,抽采率由卸压后负压极限抽采的52.4%提高到58.6%.建立了空气注采甲烷的渗流理论方程,计算了合理的注气孔网间距、注气时间、压力等技术参数,讨论了注气技术方法的适用条件和辅助技术,为推广这一技术提供了工程与理论参考.同时,提出了抽采后注气的变定解条件渗流方程解算的科学问题.     

Thermal simulation of the formation and evolution of coalbed gas

Thermal simulation experiment of gas generation from the peat and the coals were performed using the high temperature and pressure apparatus, at temperature ranging from 336.8-600℃, a pressure of 50MPa and two heating rates of 20℃/h and 2℃/h, and the evolution and formation of coalbed gas components were studied. Results show that for the coals, the gaseous products are mainly composed of hydrocarbon gases. However, for the peat the content of hydrocarbon gases in gaseous products is lower than that of non-hydrocarbon components. In the generated hydrocarbon gases methane is predominant and heavy hydrocarbon gases (C2-5) are present in small amount. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide (CO2) predominates the generated non-hydrocarbon gases, and hydrogen (H2) and sul-furated hydrogen (H2S) are existent in trace amount. It is also observed that temperature is the main factor controlling the evolution of coalbed gas generation. With increasing vitrinite reflectance, methane rapidly increases, CO2 sightly increases, and C2-5 hydrocarbons first increase and then decrease. The peat and Shanxi formation coal have a higher generative potential of coalbed gases than coals and Taiyuan formation coal, respectively, reflecting the effect of the property of organic matter on the characteristics of coalbed gas component generation. In this study, it is found that low heating rate is favorable for the generation of methane, H2 and CO2, and the decomposition of C2-5 hydrocarbons. This shows that heating time plays an important controlling role in the generation and evolution of coalbed gases. The results obtained from the simulation experiment in the study of coalbed gases in natural system are also discussed.     

The mechanism of the flowing ground water impacting on coalbed gas content

The hydrogeological condition affects the coal-bed gas storage dramatically. In an area of stronger hydrodynamics, the coal has a lower gas content, while a higher gas content exists in an area of weaker hydrodynamics. Obviously, the flowing groundwater is harmful to coalbed gas preservation. But few researches focus on the mechanism of how the flowing water diminishes the coalbed gas content Based on the phenomenon that the flowing groundwater not only makes coalbed gas content lower, but also fractionates the carbon isotope, this research puts forward an idea that it is the water solution that diminishes the coalbed gas content, rather than the water-driven action or the gas dissipation through cap rocks. Only water-soluble action can both fractionate the carbon isotope and lessen the coalbed gas content, and it is an efficient way to take gas away and affect the gas content.     

Mechanism of production increasing of coalbed gas for the pinnate horizontal well and sensitivity effect of parameters on gas production

The mechanism of production increasing for the pinnate horizontal well is analyzed with the simulation technique. It is pointed out that the whole horizontal well-bore spreading widely and evenly in coal layers makes the stratum pressure drop evenly and fast, which increases the chance of desorption and diffusion and area controlled. This is the basic reason that the pinnate horizontal well can increase production. How such stratum parameters as permeability, Langmuir constants and adsorption time constant affect the gas production for the pinnate horizontal well is also studied with numerical simulations. Either for the vertical well or the pinnate horizontal well, bigger stratum permeability, steeper relative permeability curve, smaller residual gas saturation, higher gas content and stratum pressure are more favorable for gas production increasing. Langmuir constants decide the change of desorption quantity and influence the gas production through changing the extent of steep of isothermal adsorption curves in the pressure dropping area. The adsorption time constant only influences the time that gas production arrives at the maximum value for the vertical well, but it almost has no influence on the gas production for the pinnate horizontal well because the equivalent adsorption time constant is reduced.     

基于MAPGIS的韩城矿区煤层气空间数据库的建立

介绍了韩城矿区煤层气空间数据库的系统组成、设计思路及其在煤层气资源评价中的意义。该空间数据库由属性数据库和图形数据库组成。属性数据库是在Visual Foxpr06．0平台上以全矿区2^#、3^#、5^#、11^#煤层为对象建立起来的。图形数据库是在MAPGIS6．0平台上建立基本地理图形信息、基础地质图形信息、水文地质图形信息、盖层图形信息、煤层气储集层图形信息、储层基底图形信息和专题图形信息等。该空间数据库的建立，可方便查询该区与煤层气有关的地质资料，同时为煤层气合理开发利用和管理决策提供了科学依据。     

Comprehensive study on genetic pathways and parent materials of secondary biogenic gas in coalbeds

The types of substances in coal rock used by microbes,the specific ways in which microbes produce secondary biogenic gas(SBG)and whether substances exist in the coal seam for the formation of a large amount of SBG are important basic scientific issues.This paper conducts a systematic and comprehensive research study on the above issues using methods such as the isotopic tracing of gas,the analysis of coal organic geochemistry,and gas-producing simulation experiments of coal.Results show that the formation of SBG is by the microbial reduction of CO2and the SBG-producing coal seam undergoes microbial degradation.The thermogenic heavy gaseous hydrocarbons have also been degraded by microorganisms and possibly transformed into microbialoriginated CO2.A large amount of CO2,a relatively large amount of H2and a certain amount of heavy gaseous hydrocarbons may form in the thermal evolution of coal.These substances and the microbial-originated CO2and coal seam water can finally become parent materials of SBG.These components are rich in coal seams of medium–low thermal evolution,which should be the main coal seams for SBG formation and exploration.     

西北地区煤层气藏形成条件剖析

从煤层发育程度、煤相、煤显微组成、煤级、煤变质作用、构造作用、围岩圈闭、地层压力以及水地质条件等方面对西北地区侏罗系及石炭-二叠系煤层气藏形成条件进行了详细剖析。研究结果表明，西北侏罗系及石炭-二叠系在上述条件具备时能够形成煤层气藏。     

扬子区页岩气和煤层气联合开发的地质优选

为了优选煤层气和页岩气联合研究与开发的有利区域,以扬子地区二叠系龙潭组及其上下部组合地层为研究对象,分析页岩气和煤层气的资源分布特点;讨论成藏地质条件及气藏聚集模式,依据龙潭组及其上下部地层组合的分布特征和埋深、页岩气和煤层气的资源潜力等条件,确定优选区域。研究认为,龙潭组在上扬子和下扬子普遍发育;上扬子滇东-黔西等区煤层气资源丰富;上扬子龙潭组及其与局部由长兴组相变而成的大隆组组合,下扬子大隆组—龙潭组—孤峰组组合均发育富含有机质泥页岩,厚度较大、分布连续,有机质含量高,母质类型好,成熟度高,具有页岩气成藏的良好地质条件和丰富的资源潜力,且存在页岩气和煤层气资源的重叠组合性;至少在上、下扬子分别形成三种和两种地层空间气藏聚集模式。上扬子川南资阳、自贡及重庆、黔西北地区和下扬子苏南句容盆地,可作为开展页岩气和煤层气联合研究与开发的优选区域。     

柴达木盆地三湖坳陷浅层生物气成藏模式分析

柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系浅层生物气一直被认为完全是由第四系腐殖型有机质生成的.最新研究结果表明:(1)第四系生物气藏探明储量与源岩条件之间不匹配;(2)高分辨率地震剖面特征表明三湖坳陷气田区域第四系发育了大量的气烟囱;(3)生物气组分特征表明有热成因气混入的可能性;(4)乙烷等重烃气碳同位素特征表明三湖坳陷第四系气藏有腐泥型生物气混入;(5)三湖坳陷上第三系狮子沟组发育偏腐泥型有机质.笔者认为第四系浅层生物气藏的形成机理比较复杂,包括“下生上储”和“自生自储”两种模式,第四系的浅生物气由上第三系狮子沟组生物气与第四系生物气混合而成.     

The characteristic curve of methane adsorbed on coal and its role in the coalbed methane storage research

Based on the adsorption potential theory, this paper processes and analyzes the isothermal adsorption data at different temperatures of four coal samples with different ranks. The research results indicate that the adsorption characteristic curve of methane adsorbed on the coal sample is a single curve, and the mathematical expression of the methane adsorption capacity, temperature and pressure is achieved from the characteristic curve. According to the calculating routine and method presented, the adsorption capacity at other equilibrium conditions can be calculated from the adsorption data of one temperature. The results of this paper are a significant contribution to the research on the storage mechanism of the coalbed methane.     

神狐深水海域天然气水合物成藏的气源条件

为深入分析南海北部神狐深水海域天然气水合物形成的气源控制因素,以神狐海域天然气水合物调查区为重
点研究对象,在基础调查资料和相关钻探成果的综合研究基础上,全面探讨了神狐海域天然气水合物成藏的气源供给
条件。研究结果表明：（1）神狐海域浅层400～1 200 m 以内具备良好的适合微生物成因甲烷气体生成条件,生物气生
气潜力巨大;（2）深部古近系文昌组湖相和恩平组煤系两套成熟烃源岩,亦以生气为主,能够提供一定数量的热解气
补充之;（3）深部成熟热解气通过纵向断层或底辟通道垂向运移至浅层海底,在浅部与微生物气一起侧向运移至天然
气水合物稳定域内形成混合型天然气水合物藏。     

The key stage and moment of coalbed gas reservior evolution in the Qinshui Basin,China

The evolution of coalbed gas reservoir is characterized by coalbed gas geochemistry and gas content. On the basis of burial history and thermal history, the forming process of coalbed gas reservoir and the gas accumulative history in the Qinshui Basin are discussed in this paper. The difference of the thermal history, geochemistry characteristic, and gas accumulative history between Yangcheng and Huozhou areas shows that the formation of coalbed gas reservoir in the Qinshui Basin is controlled by the geological process in the critical stage and the critical moment. The components and isotopes of coalbed methane are determined by the stage at which the coal maturation reaches its maximum rank. The coalbed methane accumulative history is related to the temperature and pressure of the coal burial history, because the coalbed gas is mainly in adsorptive state. It is stated that the gas content in the coal seam is controlled by the moment when the coal seam is uplifted to the shallowest position.     

煤与瓦斯突出过程中煤体破坏的有限元模拟

研究了目前有限元软件难以计算的煤与瓦斯突出过程中煤体破坏问题。采用Python语言对ABAQUS前处理模块进行了二次开发,通过Python脚本程序将煤体网格重新划分,并且插入零厚度黏结单元。利用有效应力原理,与ABAQUS基于摩尔库伦准则的摩擦接触结合,实现了瓦斯压力对煤体影响的仿真。利用黏结单元模拟了煤体裂缝的产生与扩展,以及煤体的突出过程。实际仿真计算结果符合实验规律,证明了有限元二次开发技术可以很好地计算煤与瓦斯突出过程中煤体破坏问题,也为Python的二次开发在其他领域的应用提供了参考和借鉴。     

提高南方煤矿极薄煤层瓦斯抽采效果关键技术研究

针对开采极薄煤层(煤厚0.35～0.55 m)煤矿,矿井绝对瓦斯涌出量10～14 m3/min,能否抽采瓦斯的难题,选择了四川有代表性的5对煤矿,开展了煤层瓦斯基础参数的测定工作,系统地测定了四川须家河组煤层瓦斯压力和相关参数.根据各矿特点,进行了多种抽采瓦斯技术试验,得到了抽采极薄煤层瓦斯的最佳范围,形成了高位顶板钻孔和底板钻孔的抽采技术,解决了以卸压瓦斯涌出为主的极薄煤层抽采瓦斯技术难题,具有显著的安全效益.     

Division and formation mechanism of coalbed methane reservoir in Huainan Coalfield,Anhui Province,China

The coalbed methane (CBM) reservoir is the basic geological unit of CBM storing and CBM resource developing. The forming conditions of the CBM reservoir include coal thickness, coal rank, seam buried depth, caprock, and geological structure. The division of a CBM reservoir in the Huainan coalfield is mainly based on the geological structure form and seam buried depth. According to the Fufeng nappe and the secondary structures of Huainan syn-clinorium, seven CBM reservoirs are divided in the Huainan Coalfield, such as Caijiagang, and the dynamic mechanism of CBM forming is analyzed. The structural position where the CBM reservoir is located has the important controlling role on the features of CBM reservoir.     

湖南利民矿井煤与瓦斯突出的构造差异性研究

湖南利民矿井地质构造具有明显的区域差异性,应力分区易于确定.由于主、次、附加构造应力场的联合与复合作用,导致边界条件各异.3#煤层顶底板的围岩性质不同,地质构造发育就不一样,使其构造应力分布不均.导致发育于3#煤层顶底板的断-褶构造具有平面上的分区性和剖面上的不协调性.据煤与瓦斯突出的频率和强度,厘定出强突出区、次强突出区、未突出区、弱突出区四种突出区域,分别对应于构造应力区的过度挤压区、挤压区、引张区和过渡区.地质构造的差异性是利民矿区煤与瓦斯突出强度和频率的主控因素.     

Oil cracking： An important way for highly efficient generation of gas from marine source rock kitchen

The potentials of gas generation by kerogen in the late period and by crude oil cracking are closely related to the origin of natural gas in the high- to over mature marine area and their exploration perspectives. The carbon structure of kerogens, with different types and at different evolution stages, have been experimentally studied using the high magnetic field solid ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance technique in order to determine the oil and gas potential of kerogens. Results show that the contents of gas potential carbon（GPC） of types Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ kerogens at the high- to over mature stage are very low, indicating their weak gas-generating capacity and limited gas production; however, the content of oil potential carbon（OPC） of the low mature type Ⅰ kerogen is much higher, implying that a large amount of crude oil generated during the oil-generating period will be the material for later gas generation by oil cracking. The kinetic experiment of gas generation by crude oil cracking shows that, when the temperature is about 160℃（R0=1.6%）, the crude oil will start to produce large amounts of gas; the temperature range for major gas generation of crude oil is higher than that of the kerogens, and the gas production is 2 to 4 times higher than that of kerogens. The natural gas derived from oil cracking （called oil-cracked gas） is much abundant in methyl hexamethylene, which is quite different from the natural gas produced by thermal degradation of kerogens （named kerogen degradation gas） at high- to over mature stage.