中子活化分析在秦始皇陵1,3号坑兵马俑原料产地研究中的应用

选取秦始皇陵1号坑兵马俑样品20个,3号坑兵马俑样品44个,秦陵附近黏土样品20个,耀州瓷胎样品2个,进行中子活化分析(NAA),测定每个样品中32种元素的质量含量.将这批NAA数据进行模糊聚类分析,得到动态聚类图.结果表明,1号坑和3号坑兵马俑原料来源不完全相同,但它们都与秦陵附近垆土关系密切,与秦陵附近黄土关系比较疏远,与耀州瓷胎的关系甚远.由此推断秦陵1号坑和3号坑兵马俑的原料可能取自秦陵附近的某些垆土层,烧制兵马俑的窑址可能也在秦始皇陵附近.     

秦始皇陵2,3号坑兵马俑原料来源和研制工程的初步分析

为探究秦始皇陵兵马俑的原料来源和烧制技术,选取63个秦始皇陵2,3号坑的兵马俑样品和20个秦陵附近的黏土样品,2个耀州瓷胎样品,进行中子活化分析(NAA),测定每个样品中32种微量元素的质量分数.将这批NAA数据进行模糊聚类分析,得到动态模糊聚类分析图.结果表明,2号坑和3号坑兵马俑原料来源不完全相同,但多数兵马俑样品与秦陵附近的垆土样品关系密切,其原料来源可能在秦陵附近,由此推断烧制2,3号坑兵马俑的窑址也可能在秦陵附近.还初步分析了2,3号坑兵马俑研制工程的历史背景和秦陵封土,2号坑夯土、回填土与附近黏土的关系.     

用SPSS研究耀州瓷和南宋官瓷原料来源关系

选取陕西耀州瓷和杭州郊坛下南宋官瓷样品,用中子活化分析(NAA)测得各个样品中29种元素的含量,用多元统计分析(SPSS)中的主成分因子分析法对样品进行分类、研究,从而揭示出耀州瓷胎和南宋官瓷胎的原料产地彼此独立,各自有着较为集中、稳定的原料来源;耀州瓷釉和南宋官瓷釉的釉料配方明显不同,历代耀州青瓷釉的配方相近,但不同釉色的耀州瓷釉却有着迥然相异的原料配方.     

汝官瓷和钧官瓷胎料来源的质子激发X射线荧光分析

为了了解多种釉色汝官瓷和钧官瓷的胎料来源、分类关系, 探索无损鉴别汝官瓷和钧官瓷的方法, 选取汝官瓷胎样品34个、钧官瓷胎样品50个, 将这些样品进行质子激发X射线荧光分析(PIXE), 测定每个样品的化学组分. 将所有样品的7种主量化学组成数据进行一维散布分析和模糊聚类分析, 得到以下分析结果: 钧官瓷胎样品的原料产地比较集中, 汝官瓷胎的原料产地稍分散一些; 多数汝官瓷胎和钧官瓷胎样品的原料产地接近, 但不相同; PIXE分析和模糊聚类分析相结合可以作为无损鉴别汝官瓷和钧官瓷的一种重要方法.     

三种典型釉色汝官瓷和钧官瓷原料产地的PIXE分析

选取天青、天蓝、月白色汝官瓷样品27个、钧官瓷样品25个,将这些样品进行质子激发Χ射线荧光分析(PIXE),测定每个样品的化学组分.将所有样品的7种主量化学组成数据进行模糊聚类分析,得到以下结果:对于所分析的样品,其中钧官瓷胎样品的原料产地比较集中,汝官瓷胎的原料产地稍分散一些;多数汝官瓷胎和钧官瓷胎样品的原料产地接近但不相同,个别汝官瓷胎和钧官瓷胎样品有混在一起的情况;汝官瓷釉和钧官瓷釉样品的原料产地和配方明显不同但关系不是很远.     

清凉寺汝官窑和钧台钧官窑起源关系的模糊聚类分析

选取11个清凉寺窑汝官瓷、11个钧台窑钧官瓷的釉和胎等样品进行中子活化分析(NAA)，测定每个样品的36种微量元素的质量分数，将这些测量数据进行模糊聚类分析，分别得到胎和釉的动态模糊聚类分析图，以确定它们的起源关系．结果表明，清凉寺窑汝官瓷胎和钧台窑钧官瓷胎的原料来源接近，但不相同；汝官瓷釉和钧官瓷釉的原料来源明显不同；汝官瓷和钧官瓷的胎、釉料配方是不同的，“钧汝不分”之说不适合于清凉寺汝官窑与钧台钧官窑．     

古耀州瓷釉原料来源的指纹元素散布分析

耀州瓷是我国古代名瓷.为了探讨不同时代耀州瓷的釉料来源和分类关系,用中子活化分析(NAA)技术测定古耀州瓷釉样品中29种元素的含量,将这批NAA数据进行散布分析,结果表明:唐代黑釉瓷和宋代兔毫釉瓷、酱釉瓷的原料成分比较接近,和唐代白釉瓷的原料成分相差较远.宋代青瓷的釉料来源和配方比较稳定,五代青瓷具有承前启后的作用.金代月白釉料成分和宋代青瓷釉料接近.唐三彩蓝釉料与其它耀州瓷釉料来源明显不同.     

用EDXRF研究钧台窑出土不同时期古汝瓷的起源

为了解钧台窑出土不同时期古汝瓷之间的原料来源和分类关系,用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪(EDXRF)测试了30个不同时期古汝瓷胎和釉中的8种主量化学组成,将这些测量数据进行模糊聚类分析,得到以下分析结果:不同时期古汝瓷胎的原料产地接近,用化学组成不能把它们区分开;多数宋代早期釉样品的原料产地相对比较分散,釉料配方有些变化;多数宋代中、晚期釉样品的原料产地相对比较集中,釉料配方相对比较稳定;古汝瓷胎和釉的原料产地、配方则明显不同.     

秦陵文官俑矿料来源研究

20 0 0年 7月 ,秦陵 6号陪葬坑 (Ｋ0 0 0 6 ,简称为Ｋ6 )被发现 ,共出土了 1 2件文职装束的陶俑 ,这在秦陵发掘史上尚属首次 .文官俑的矿料来源及其与Ｋ1、Ｋ2、Ｋ3坑兵马俑之间的关系引起中外学者的兴趣 ,论文将对此课题进行探讨 .1　样品来源文官俑样品 1 9片 ,来自 8个俑体 .陶片外观呈深浅不一的灰色 ,质地较致密 ,有少量气孔 ,具斑状结构 ,斑晶为长石、石英等矿物 ,长石含量较多 ,基质为粘土 .另选取 2 4个兵马俑样品和 2 5个阳陵俑样品进行对比 ,样品清单见表 1 .表 1　样品目录及硬度、吸水率测试结果Ｔａｂ .1　Ｓａｍｐｌｅｌｉｓ…     

基于GIS的秦始皇陵兵马俑文物保护数据库研究

目的为了实现秦始皇陵区兵马俑文物的动态监测、管理、保护、研究,建立"秦始皇陵兵马俑文物保护数据库"。方法采用地理信息系统平台ArcGIS为基础,结合兵马俑博物馆大量的文物考古保护数据,以ArcSDE数据引擎为接口,用大型关系数据库管理空间数据。结果建立了以C/S和B/S结合的方式运行的数据库管理系统。结论实现了兵马俑及秦陵周围文物保护相关数据的有效组织和管理,为陵区文物的考古和保护科学决策提供了可靠的信息来源。     

Microelement analysis of source of raw materials of terracotta warriors and horses of Qin's Mausoleum in pits No. 1 and No. 2

In order to search for sources of the raw material of the Qin's terracotta warriors and horses, we selected 20 samples of pottery warriors and pottery horses of the Qin's Mausoleum from pit No. 1, 19 samples of pottery warriors and brick from pit No. 2, 20 samples of clays near the Qin's Mausoleum and 2 samples of Yaozhou porcelain bodies. The 32 kinds of element content of each sample were measured by neutron activation analysis (NAA). These data were analyzed by fu zzy cluster analysis, the trend cluster analysis diagram was obtained. The results showed that samples of terracotta warriors and horses from pits No.1 and No. 2 were closely related to the loam layer near Qin's Mausoleum, but their relations with the loess layers were not so close, and they were out of all relation to Yaozhou porcelain bodies. Thus, it could be deduced that the Li Mountain clay may be considered as the original place of the raw materials of the terracotta warriors and horses, the kiln sites might be located nearby the Qin's Mausoleum.     

Microelement analysis of source of raw materials of terracotta warriors and horses of Qin’s Mausoleum in pits No. 1 and No. 2

In order to search for sources of the raw material of the Qin’s terracotta warriors and horses, we selected 20 samples of pottery warriors and pottery horses of the Qin’s Mausoleum from pit No. 1, 19 samples of pottery warriors and brick from pit No. 2, 20 samples of clays near the Qin’s Mausoleum and 2 samples of Yaozhou porcelain bodies. The 32 kinds of element content of each sample were measured by neutron activation analysis (NAA). These data were analyzed by fuzzy cluster analysis, the trend cluster analysis diagram was obtained. The results showed that samples of terracotta warriors and horses from pits No.1 and No. 2 were closely related to the loam layer near Qin’s Mausoleum, but their relations with the loess layers were not so close, and they were out of all relation to Yaozhou porcelain bodies. Thus, it could be deduced that the Li Mountain clay may be considered as the original place of the raw materials of the terracotta warriors and horses, the kiln sites might be located nearby the Qin’s Mausoleum.     

Identification of proteinaceous binding media for the polychrome terracotta army of Emperor Qin Shihuang by MALDI-TOF-MS

A proteinaceous binding media for the polychrome terracotta army of Emperor Qin Shihuang has been identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF-MS).Methods for the preparation of the model samples and the elimination of interferences have been evaluated,as well as ageing processes.A method involving the complexation of EDTA in combination with dialysis was used to eliminate any interference in the polychrome layers taken from the historical samples.The model samples were aged by being buried in loess to replicate the ageing process of the historical samples as closely as possible.The optimum conditions for the extraction and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the extracted protein were investigated.Under the optimized conditions,the‘‘peptide mass fingerprints’’of the proteinaceous binding media from the historical and model samples were determined by MALDITOF-MS.The results revealed that animal glue was used as the binding media for the polychrome layers of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s terracotta army.It also shows that animal glue used as binding media has a long history in China.     

Fuzzy cluster analysis of the provenance of ancient Yaozhou porcelain body

The technique of neutron activation analysis (NAA) has been employed to measure the content of 29 kinds of elements in the sample of Yaozhou porcelain bodies,Then a fuzzy cluster analsis has been conducted to the NAA data and a diagram of the dynamic fuzzy cluster analysis has been achived,The results indicate that the batch of ancient Yaozhou porcelain bodies,which were of different overglaze color and were produced by different kilns during a period of over 800 years from the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.) to the Yuan Dyansty(1271-1368 A.D.) ,has shared a stable and concentrated raw material source,Provenances of porcelain bodies from different times ,though having their specific independence ,enjoy a close relationship and are not far from one another,Provenances of porcelain bodies made during the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties (907-960 A.D.)are found to be closer to one another,while those of the Song (960-1279A.D.) and the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234 A.D.)are comparatively concentrated in certain areas and are different from those of the Tang Dynasty .Both the tri-colored glazed pottery made in Yaozhou kilns during the Tang Dynasty and the Yaozhou porcelain bodies of the Tang period are from the same provenance.     

古耀州瓷着色元素的中子活化分析

运用中子活化分析(NAA)技术,测定耀州瓷釉中29种元素的质量含量,从中选取24种着色元素．通过对比分析,最后确定铁是耀州瓷的着色主元素,证明了考古界“耀州瓷以铁为着色主元素”的说法．