链结构对聚芳酯性质的影响

本文通过几种测试手段对用低温溶液法合成的以聚对苯二甲酸氯代对苯二酚酯和聚2,5-二氯对苯二甲酸氯代对苯二酚酯为主体,分别以不同结构的双酚:4,4'-二羟基二苯醚、4,4'-二羟基联苯、双酚A和1,5-萘二酚为第三单体的芳香族共聚酯的性能进行了讨论,发现分子链结构对芳香族共聚酯的性能有很大的影响。     

聚对苯二甲酸-联苯二甲酸-乙二酯的分子序列结构与结晶性能

以对苯二甲酸、联苯二甲酸(BBA)和乙二醇为原料,采用直接酯化技术制备了聚对苯二甲酸-联苯二甲酸-乙二酯(PETBB).特性黏度和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测试表明得到了高相对分子质量的共聚物.13C-NMR证实PETBB大分子链上所含的BBA与投料比一致;随着BBA摩尔分数的增加,共聚酯中聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)平均序列长度减小而聚联苯二甲酸乙二酯(PEBB)平均序列长度增大.差示扫描量热(DSC)分析证明PETBB共聚酯自熔体冷却的结晶温度变低,较高BBA摩尔分数的PETBB甚至不能在熔体冷却过程中结晶,表明共聚酯结晶变得困难,但经充分热定型仍能形成晶体;而其熔融温度随BBA摩尔分数的增加而明显下降;玻璃化转变温度则随BBA摩尔分数的增加而升高.     

PET—PTT共聚酯的热降解行为

采用热失重分析(TGA)和裂解气相质谱(Py-GC/MS)研究不同组成的PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)-PTT(聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯)共聚酯的热降解行为,并与PET和PTT均聚物作了比较.TGA结果表明,PET-PTT共聚酯的热稳定性介于均聚物PTT与PET之间,并随PET组分的增加而提高.利用Py-GC/MS得到PET-PTT共聚酯及均聚物的裂解产物的结构及分布,探讨PTT降解机理,并推测PET-PTT共聚酯的可能降解过程.发现PET-PTT共聚酯分解过程中产生了不同于PET和PTT裂解产物的组分,但不同组分的含量很小,这可能是由共聚酯中PTT(PET)序列长度较短所致.PET-PTT共聚酯在裂解过程中比PET和PTT均聚物产生了更多的挥发性产物.当PTT(PET)在共聚酯中的摩尔分数增大时由该链段降解产生的产物质量分数相应提高.     

4,4′-对苯二甲酰二氧二苯甲酸/聚乙二醇共聚酯的合成及液晶行为研究

本文用对苯二甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸为原料合成了液晶单体４,４′－对苯二甲酰二氧二苯甲酰氯（ＴＯＢＣ）,以此单体与不同分子量的聚乙二醇反应得到一系列的共聚酯．用ＤＳＣ、热台偏光显微镜和Ｘ射线衍射仪对共聚酯的液晶性进行了表征．结果表明,ＴＯＢＣ与不同聚合度的聚乙二醇形成的共聚酯,当乙氧基链节含量≤６０．７３％时,即当聚乙二醇分子量小于６００时,共聚酯呈液晶性,而高于此值则液晶性消失．     

PET—PCT共聚酯的微相分离结构

利用核磁共振(1H-NMR.13C-NMR)表征了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)-聚对苯二甲酸-1,4-环己烷二甲酯(PCT)共聚酯的组成及序列结构;采用高级转矩流变仪和动态力学分析仪研究了共聚酯的动态流变性能和动态力学性能.结果表明:PET-PCT共聚酯为无规嵌段聚合物.其中PCT的实际摩尔含量高于投料比.各链段的数均序列长度与其摩尔含量成正比;共聚酯呈现明显的末端区效应,随PCT摩尔含量的增加,储能模量～频率曲线(G'～W)中,储能模量偏离线性关系的频率移向高频;动态力学分析图谱中出现了两个玻璃化转变温度,说明PET-PCT共聚酯中PET链段和PCT链段是不相容的.呈现微相分离的相态结构.     

一种新型共聚酯组成对其热性能、结晶度和特性粘度的影响

本文以对苯二甲酸、乙二醇、α,ω二-(4-羟基丁基)聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)和间苯二甲酸双羟乙酯磺酸钠(SIPE)为原料,共缩聚制备一种新型、可用作丙纶可染母粒的共聚酯。研究了原料组成对其热性能和结晶度的影响规律,结果表明:①共聚酯的玻璃化温度、结晶温度和结晶度、熔点均随SIPE和PDMS含量的增加而下降,而随PDMS相对分子质量的增加先下降,后上升。当PDMS的相对分子质量为4.2×103～7.5×103范围时,共聚酯的玻璃化温度,结晶温度,熔点和结晶度均相对较低。②共聚酯的热分解温度随SIPE含量的增加而下降;随PDMS含量的增加略有上升;但基本不随PDMS相对分子质量的变化而变化。③共聚酯的特性粘数随SIPE含量、PDMS含量和PDMS相对分子质量的增加而下降。     

4,4‘—对苯二甲酰二氧二苯甲酸／聚乙二醇共聚酯的合成及？…

本文用对苯二甲酸和对羟在苯甲酸为原料合成了液晶单体４,４‘－对苯二甲酰二氧二苯甲酰氯（ＴＯＢＣ）,以此单体与不同分子量的聚乙二醇反应得到一系列的共聚酯。用ＤＳＣ,热台偏光显微镜和Ｘ射线衍射仪对共聚酯的液晶性进行表征。结果表明,ＴＯＢＣ与不同聚合度的聚乙二醇形成的共聚酯,当乙氧基链节含≤６０．７３％时,即当聚乙二醇分子量小于６００时,共聚酯呈液晶性,而高于此值则液晶性消失。     

聚乙二醇(PEG)共聚单体对PET共聚酯结构性能的影响

基于聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)的合成路线,通过原位添加间苯二甲酸乙二酯-5-磺酸钠(SIPE)、聚乙二醇(PEG)第三、四反应组分,并改变PEG分析的添加量,制备出系列PET共聚酯.通过核磁共振(NMR)、差示扫描量热(DSC)、热失重分析(TGA)、广角X射线衍射(WAXD)及接触角测试分别对PET共聚酯的结构性能进行了试验研究.结果表明:PET共聚酯样品的化学结构与理论结构吻合较好;共聚酯的玻璃化转变温度、冷结晶温度和熔点及热稳定性均随PEG含量的增加逐步降低;各样品的晶体结构与纯PET基本相同,均为三斜晶型结构;PET共聚酯样品的亲水性能较纯PET有明显提高.     

癸二酸／对苯二甲酸系共聚酯的合成及耐热性能研究

论文采用癸二酸、对苯二甲酸与乙二醇、新戊二醇进行缩聚反应,合成了癸二酸／对苯二甲酸系共聚酯。定性讨论了反应温度、催化剂的种类和真空度等对缩聚反应的影响。通过WAXD、DSC和TGA等方法,研究了共聚酯的结构与耐热性能的关系。结果表明：共聚酯的结晶度和熔点随着体系中对苯二甲酸或新戊二醇的含量增加而下降,而耐热性能则明显提高。     

联苯共聚酯液晶的合成

本文以合成适于加工成型的芳香族液晶共聚酯材料为出发点，主要采用对苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸，对羟基苯甲酸和４，４——二羟基联苯为单体，在一定配比下进行四元共聚物的合成，对熔融缩聚反应条件进行摸索和探讨，取得了一定的成果。同时对所得共聚酯热稳定性进行了研究。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the