The global impact of HIV/AIDS

The scale of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS epidemic has exceeded all expectations since its identification 20 years ago. Globally, an estimated 36 million people are currently living with HIV, and some 20 million people have already died, with the worst of the epidemic centred on sub-Saharan Africa. But just as the spread of HIV has been greater than predicted, so too has been its impact on social capital, population structure and economic growth. Responding to AIDS on a scale commensurate with the epidemic is a global imperative, and the tools for an effective response are known. Nothing less than a sustained social mobilization is necessary to combat one of the most serious crises facing human development.     

北京MSM人群HIV传播的贝叶斯推断

从北京地区收集了44例年轻男男同性恋(men who have sex with men,MSM)性行为者的人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)-1基因序列,利用贝叶斯推断从中提取了一些有价值的流行病学信息,得到了传播动力学的重要参数:有效再生数Re.研究结果显示,200...     

Relation of HTLV-4 to simian and human immunodeficiency-associated viruses

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the aetiologic agent of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) in most countries and probably originated in Central Africa like the AIDS epidemic itself. Evidence for a second major group of human immunodeficiency-associated retroviruses came from a report that West African human populations like wild-caught African green monkeys had serum antibodies that reacted more strongly with a simian immunodeficiency virus (STLV-3Mac) (ref.6) than with HIV-1. Novel T-lymphotropic retroviruses were reported to have been isolated from healthy Senegalese West Africans (HTLV-4) (ref. 4) and from African green monkeys (STLV-3AGM) (ref. 7), and a different retrovirus (HIV-2) was identified in other West African AIDS patients. Genomic analysis of HIV-2 clearly distinguished it from STLV-3 (ref. 9), but restriction enzyme site-mapping of three different HTLV-4 isolates and six different STLV-3AGM isolates showed them to be essentially indistinguishable. In this report we clone, restriction map, and partially sequence three isolates of HTLV-4 (PK82, PK289, PK190) (ref. 4). We find that these viruses differ in nucleotide sequence from each other and from three isolates of STLV-3AGM (K78, K6W, K1) (ref. 7) by 1% or less. We also report the isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from the peripheral blood of a healthy Senegalese woman which hybridizes preferentially to HIV-2 specific DNA probes. We conclude that HTLV-4 (ref. 4) and STLV-3AGM (ref. 7) are not independent virus isolates and that HIV-2 is present in Senegal as it is in other West African countries.     

关注与对策:广西防治艾滋病的思考

介绍了广西艾滋病疫情发展的形势和特点,分析了艾滋病防治工作在广西开展的情况及存在的问题,提出了要遏制艾滋病在广西流行势头,必须加强政府领导,社会各界共同协防,以社会干预和重点人群行为干预为重点,实行标本兼治的建议和思考。     

Serine phosphorylation-independent downregulation of cell-surface CD4 by nef

A decline in the T-cell population usually marks the onset of progressive immunological disease in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Because CD4+ cells help to coordinate efficient immune responses, some of the defects in the immune function in advanced cases of AIDS may be explained by the disappearance of these cells. Therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms used by HIV to induce the reduction of CD4+ cells is important. Here we use a Moloney murine leukaemia virus-based retroviral vector in order to express the nef gene of HIV-1 in three lymphocytic cell lines expressing CD4. In all cases we find that cell-surface CD4 expression is inversely related to nef expression. However, nef does not alter steady-state levels of CD4 RNA or CD4 protein. Also, nef can downregulate a CD4 triple mutant (Ser----Ala) that is neither phosphorylated nor down-regulated by phorbol esters, indicating that nef is acting by a different mechanism.     

艾滋病在中国和全球的流行现状及面临的挑战

艾滋病在1985年传入中国,经历输入散发期、局部流行期和广泛流行期,大陆地区31个省（自治区、直辖市）都报告有艾滋病病毒感染者;3种传播途径（经以血液传播、经性接触传播及母婴传播）均已存在;艾滋病疫情目前正处于从高危人群向一般人群蔓延的临界点。在中国,静脉吸毒人群仍是主要的艾滋病病毒感染人群,占累积病例报告的45％;经性途径感染和传播艾滋病的情况逐年有明显上升,其中大部分有婚外同性和异性不安全性行为,但也有婚内性传播;艾滋病病毒感染的母婴传播在疫情较重的地区出现;经采供血传播艾滋病病毒的途径已被有效阻断。中国政府对遏制艾滋病流行极为关注,但是任重而道远。     

Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus from macaque and its relationship to other human and simian retroviruses

Because of the growing incidence of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), the need for studies on animal models is urgent. Infection of chimpanzees with the retroviral agent of human AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), will have only limited usefulness because chimpanzees are in short supply and do not develop the disease. Among non-human primates, both type D retroviruses and lentiviruses can be responsible for immune deficiencies. The D-type retroviruses, although important pathogens in macaque monkey colonies, are not satisfactory as a model because they differ in genetic structure and pathophysiological properties from the human AIDS viruses. The simian lentivirus, previously referred to as simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-III), now termed simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is related to HIV by the antigenicity of its proteins and in its main biological properties, such as cytopathic effect and tropism for CD4-bearing cells. Most importantly, SIV induces a disease with remarkable similarity to human AIDS in the common rhesus macaques, which therefore constitute the best animal model currently available. Natural or experimental infection of other monkeys such as African green monkeys or sooty mangabeys has not yet been associated with disease. Molecular approaches of the SIV system will be needed for biological studies and development of vaccines that could be tested in animals. We have cloned and sequenced the complete genome of SIV isolated from a naturally infected macaque that died of AIDS. This SIVMAC appears genetically close to the agent of AIDS in West Africa, HIV-2, but the divergence of the sequences of SIV and HIV-2 is greater than that previously observed between HIV-1 isolates.     

Effect of immunization with a vaccinia-HIV env recombinant on HIV infection of chimpanzees

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and is now recognized as a worldwide epidemic for which there is no cure or vaccine. Chimpanzees are the only other animals that can be infected by HIV, and therefore the chimpanzee-HIV model system is useful for testing potential HIV vaccines. However, with one exception, there have been no reports of clinical manifestations of AIDS in chimpanzees. We report here results of an HIV vaccine trial in which nine chimpanzees were first immunized with either a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the envelope glycoproteins of HIV strain LAV-1 (v-env5) or a control recombinant vaccinia virus and were then challenged with a high or low dose of LAV-1. Although HIV-specific antibody and T-cell responses were elicited by immunization, virus was isolated from lymphocytes of all challenged chimpanzees, indicating that immunization did not prevent infection by HIV. Among the animals that received a higher dose of LAV-1, one of two control chimpanzees, but none of the four v-env5-immunized chimpanzees developed substantial and persistent lymphadenopathy.     

New human and simian HIV-related retroviruses possess functional transactivator (tat) gene

New human retroviruses antigenically related to HIV and even more closely to STLV-III have been recently isolated from individuals from some West African countries. One of these viruses, HTLV-IVP, was reportedly isolated from lymphocytes of a healthy female prostitute. Another isolate, LAV-2FG, was obtained from an AIDS patient and third, SBL-6669, from an individual with lymphadenopathy. Current epidemiological studies indicate that some of these virus isolates cause immune deficiency whereas others may not or may be less efficient at inducing immune deficiency. Similarly, STLV-III apparently does not cause immune deficiency in its natural host, African green monkey. A novel feature of HIV is the possession of a gene termed tat, which is implicated in its pathobiology. We report here that, like HIV, HTLV-IVP, LAV-2FG (HIV-2) and SBL-6669, as well as STLV-IIIAGM possess the putative tat gene, irrespective of their pathogenic potential in vivo. Interestingly, HTLV-IVP/LAV-2FG long terminal repeat (LTR) is equally well transactivated by the HTLV-IVP/LAV-2FG and HTLV-IIIB tat function, HTLV-IIIB LTR responds better to its own tat function.     

Viral MIPα homologous with human MIP-1α acts on HIV co-receptor CCR5

The function and usage of vMIPa encoded by K6 gene of herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) which has homology with human macrophage protein (MIP) have not been clearly known. In the present note the K6 gene of HHV8 was cloned and transfected into NIH3T3 cells and E. coli cells. Conditional media from the 3T3-transfected cells and K6 product vMIPa from E. coli . Cells were used to perform the experiments of ligand-receptor binding and cellular adhesion with peripheral blood macrophages. The conditional media and the purified vMIPa from E. coli could compete to bind to CCR5 located on macrophages from peripheral blood with I¹²⁵-hMIP-1a chemokine of human. Cellular adhesion showed that the conditional media from transfected cells and the purified vMIPa did not induce the adhesion of macrophages from peripheral blood to ICAM-1. In conclusion, vMIPa encoded by K6 gene of HHV8 can bind to CCR5 of peripheral blood macrophage cells and does not induce their adhesion. This suggests that vMIPa enclosed CCR5, also known as HIV co-receptor, may be used to prevent and treat HIV infection.     

艾滋病的抗病毒治疗与我国的免费治疗现状

艾滋病在全球范围内已造成了超过2000万人的死亡,尽管目前还没有可以治愈艾滋病的方法,但高效抗逆转录病毒疗法的出现和广泛使用,已成功地将艾滋病转变为一种可治疗的慢性传染病。我国政府对艾滋病问题高度关注,逐步推进艾滋病的医疗救治工作。在阐述艾滋病治疗的基础上,结合治疗特点重点介绍了我国艾滋病免费治疗的历史回顾、现状进展、问题困难和方向计划。     

娱乐场所HIV/AIDS疫情分析预测

通过调查得到近三年来某市娱乐场所中性工作者（女）总数、HIV/AIDS总数等资料数据,用传染病动力学的方法建立了HIV/AIDS动力学模型,用Mathematic软件模拟得到了目标人群（为该市娱乐场所涉性活动人群）总数曲线,用MATLAB数学软件求得解曲线,预测出目标人群中以后10年HIV/AIDS的基本情况.     

Evidence from mitochondrial DNA that African honey bees spread as continuous maternal lineages

African honey bees have populated much of South and Central America and will soon enter the United States. The mechanism by which they have spread is controversial. Africanization may be largely the result of paternal gene flow into extant European populations or, alternatively, of maternal migration of feral swarms that have maintained an African genetic integrity. We have been using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms to follow the population dynamics between European and African bees. In earlier reports, we suggested that if African honey bees had distinctive mitochondrial (mt) DNA, then it could potentially distinguish the relative contributions of swarming and mating to the Africanization process. Because mtDNA is maternally inherited, it would not be transmitted by mating drones and only transported by queens accompanying swarms. Furthermore, the presence of African mtDNA would reflect unbroken maternal lineages from the original bees introduced from Africa. The value of mtDNA for population studies in general has been reviewed recently. Here we report that 19 feral swarms, randomly caught in Mexico, all carried African mtDNA. Thus, the migrating force of the African honey bee in the American tropics consists of continuous African maternal lineages spreading as swarms. The mating of African drones to European queens seems to contribute little to African bee migration.     

论艾滋病综合流行现象和中美医学人类学

医学人类学在美国有更细致地理解艾滋病危险行为,以及这些行为所根植的社会文化背景方面所运用的方法及这些方法的特点。在中国这个广大的多民族的国家,医学人类学在其卫生领域很可能同样发挥类似的作用。然而,在过去很长一段时间,本应有中国的人类学家参与的应用社会学方法的工作却一直由公共卫生人员承担。中国艾滋病流行现状和将来潜在的灾难性威胁迫切需要人类学研究以及中国自己的人类学者。相信人类学家和其他定性研究的社学科学家去关注艾滋病问题是势在必行的。     

一类具有意识分类的分数阶HIV/AIDS传染病模型的研究

研究一类分数阶HIV/AIDS传染病模型.在该模型中,考虑了人类自身的"意识"在疾病传播中的作用将被.讨论了模型平衡点的稳定性并进行了相应的数值模拟实验.     

科学开展艾滋病预防干预工作

回顾分析了艾滋病检测和监测、感染者及其配偶通知、知识宣传与行为干预、暗娼体检与发放健康证、感染者管理等策略在艾滋病防治实践中存在的问题;讨论了匿名与实名检测、通知与不通知感染者配偶、正确理解和区分防病知识水平与健康行为改变的关系、是否可以通过为娱乐场所服务人员发放体检证以控制艾滋病流行、采用感染者集中管理的利弊等,为科学开展艾滋病预防干预工作、提高实际防治效果提出了建议。     

Human immunodeficiency virus induces phosphorylation of its cell surface receptor

AIDS is an immunoregulatory disorder characterized by depletion of the CD4+, helper/inducer lymphocyte population. The causative agent of this disease is the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, which infects CD4+ cells and leads to cytopathic effects characterized by syncytia formation and cell death. Recent studies have demonstrated that binding of HIV to its cellular receptor CD4 is necessary for viral entry. We find that binding of HIV to CD4 induces rapid and sustained phosphorylation of CD4 which could involve protein kinase C. HIV-induced CD4 phosphorylation can be blocked by antibody against CD4 and monoclonal antibody against the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120, indicating that a specific interaction between CD4 and gp120 is required for phosphorylation. Electron microscopy shows that a protein kinase C inhibitor does not impair binding of HIV to CD4+ cells, but causes an apparent accumulation of virus particles at the cell surface, at the same time inhibiting viral infectivity. These results indicate a possible role for HIV-induced CD4 phosphorylation in viral entry and identify a potential target for antiviral therapy.     

Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) sequences that pre-date the recognition of AIDS are critical to defining the time of origin and the timescale of virus evolution. A viral sequence from 1959 (ZR59) is the oldest known HIV-1 infection. Other historically documented sequences, important calibration points to convert evolutionary distance into time, are lacking, however; ZR59 is the only one sampled before 1976. Here we report the amplification and characterization of viral sequences from a Bouin's-fixed paraffin-embedded lymph node biopsy specimen obtained in 1960 from an adult female in Léopoldville, Belgian Congo (now Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)), and we use them to conduct the first comparative evolutionary genetic study of early pre-AIDS epidemic HIV-1 group M viruses. Phylogenetic analyses position this viral sequence (DRC60) closest to the ancestral node of subtype A (excluding A2). Relaxed molecular clock analyses incorporating DRC60 and ZR59 date the most recent common ancestor of the M group to near the beginning of the twentieth century. The sizeable genetic distance between DRC60 and ZR59 directly demonstrates that diversification of HIV-1 in west-central Africa occurred long before the recognized AIDS pandemic. The recovery of viral gene sequences from decades-old paraffin-embedded tissues opens the door to a detailed palaeovirological investigation of the evolutionary history of HIV-1 that is not accessible by other methods.     

基于人口学的HIV/AIDS预防控制对策研究——以云南省为例

随着全球艾滋病疫情的发展,艾滋病问题已不仅是医学问题,艾滋病问题影响到与人类相关的各个方面。艾滋病影响范围的扩大,使多学科的研究人员介入艾滋病问题的研究。文章以云南省艾滋病人口群体特征为基础,分析不同人口结构特点下艾滋病的预防控制对策,对于从人口学角度出发,有针对性地开展艾滋病防治具有指导作用。