Severely deformed copper by equal channel angular pressing

Mechanical and microstructural analysis of equal channel angular pressed copper was experimentally investigated. The results showed that the hardness distribution uniformity was rapidly decreased after the first pass and gradually improved at the following passes. Also, the bottom region of the pressed material experienced lower Vickers hardness magnitude irrespective of pass number. Furthermore, the addition of 0.1% magnesium to the pure copper had a considerable effect on the distribution uniformity. In addition, the material fracture mode changed from ductile to brittle by the alteration of the dimples to cleavage planes mechanism. Moreover, the formability index was dramatically reduced after the first pass and slowly improved at the succeeding passes. Eventually, ECAP process led to the increment of low angle grain boundaries and the decrease of high angle grain boundaries at the initial passes and vice versa at the subsequent ones.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of ZE10 magnesium alloy prepared by equal channel angular pressing

ZE10 magnesium alloy was subjected to equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) up to 12 passes in a die with an angle of 120° between the two channels at 250-300℃. An inhomogeneous microstructure of bimodal grains including fine grains of 1-2 μm as well as coarse grains of about 20μm was obtained after the initial 1-4 ECAP passes. The grain size became increasingly homogeneous with further ECAP processing and the grains were significantly refined to 1-2 ktm after 8 passes and further refined to 0.5-1 μm after 12 passes. The alloy's yield strength changed slightly but the ductility improved greatly initially up to 4-6 passes corresponding to the bimodal grain microstructure. And after the subsequent pressing of more than 8 passes, the tensile strength including yield strength improved while the elongation decreased gradually.     

等径角挤压对纯铜组织与性能的影响

研究采用BC路径(即试样进入下一道次挤压时按同一方向旋转90°)对纯铜进行等径角挤压后得到的组织与性能.结果表明,通过室温下对纯铜的8道次挤压后,得到均匀、细小的等轴晶组织(晶粒尺寸约1.5μm).抗拉强度从原来的235 MPa提高到420 MPa,硬度从114 HV提高到184.3 HV,延伸率由原来的45%降低到19%.通过对不同挤压道次试样在473 K下60 min的退火处理后,其晶粒进一步细化至1μm,其抗拉强度提高到435 MPa.     

稀土Mg-Mn-Zn-Ce合金等通道转角挤压工艺

为获得性能良好的超细晶镁合金材料,采用等通道转角挤压工艺对稀土Mg—Mn—Zn—Ce合金进行塑性加工,研究了速度、温度和润滑条件对合金的挤压工艺以及性能的影响。实验结果表明：对于稀土Mg—Mn—Zn-Ce合金,等通道转角挤压的润滑剂为7025高温润滑脂,速度2mm／s,第一道次的挤压温度为250℃,第二道次的挤压温度为270℃。该工艺条件使等通道转角挤压能够顺利进行,可获得表面光滑平整、晶粒组织细化的稀土Mg—Mn—Zn—Ce合金。     

Effect of equal channel angular extrusion on Al-6063 bending fatigue characteristics

The purpose of this investigation was to refine the grains of annealed 6063 aluminum alloy and to improve its yield stress and ultimate strength. This was accomplished via the equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process at a temperature of 200℃ using route A, with a constant ram speed of 30 mm/min through a die angle of 90° between the die channels for as many as 6 passes. The experiments were conducted on an Avery universal testing machine. The results showed that the grain diameter decreased from 45 μm to 2.8 μm after 6 extrusion passes. The results also indicated that the major improvement in fatigue resistance occurred after the first pass. The subsequent passes improved the fatigue life but at a considerably lower rate. A maximum increase of 1100% in the case of low applied stresses and an approximately 2200% increase in fatigue resistance in the case of high applied stresses were observed after 5 passes. The improvement of fatigue resistance is presumed to be due to (1) a reduction in the size and the number of Si crystals with increasing number of ECAE passes, (2) the aggregation of Cu during the ECAE process, (3) the formation and growth of CuAl₂ grains, and (4) grain refinement of the Al-6063 alloy during the ECAE process.     

Damage prediction of 7025 aluminum alloy during equal-channel angular pressing

Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) is a prominent technique that imposes severe plastic deformation into materials to enhance their mechanical properties. In this research, experimental and numerical approaches were utilized to investigate the mechanical properties, strain behavior, and damage prediction of ECAPed 7025 aluminum alloy in various conditions, such as die channel angle, outer corner angle, and friction coefficient. Experimental results indicate that, after the first pass, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and hardness magnitude are improved by approximately 95%, 28%, and 48.5%, respectively, compared with the annealed state, mainly due to grain refinement during the deformation. Finite element analysis shows that the influence of die channel angle is more important than that of outer corner angle or friction coefficient on both the strain behavior and the damage prediction. Also, surface cracks are the main cause of damage during the ECAP process for every die channel angle except for 90°; however, the cracks initiated from the neighborhood of the central regions are the possible cause of damage in the ECAPed sample with the die channel angle of 90°.     

Effect of ECAP temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy

The effect of equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) at different temperatures(room temperature, 120,150 and 180 °C) on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-7075 solid solution alloy was investigated. Microstructure of the specimens was examined using orientation imaging microscopy,transmission electron microscopy as well as X-ray diffractometer, and mechanical properties were measured by Vickers microhardness and tensile tests. Microstructural investigations showed that after3 or 4 passes of ECAP, fi ne grains with average grain sizes in range of 300–1000 nm could be obtained at different ECAP temperatures. Increasing ECAP temperature from 120 to 180 °C caused a decrease in mechanical properties as a result of increasing grains and precipitates sizes, decreasing fraction of high angle boundaries and also transformation of η′ into η phase, while increasing ECAP temperature from RT to 120 °C leads to an increase in mechanical properties due to the formation of small η′ precipitates. So it can be concluded that ECAP process at 120 °C is the optimum process for attaining maximum mechanical properties. Quantitative estimates of various strengthening mechanisms revealed that the improvement of mechanical properties was mainly attributed to grain re fi nement strengthening, precipitation strengthening and dislocation strengthening.     

强化固溶态2024铝合金ECAP加工后的拉伸性能

在室温下对经强化固溶处理的2024铝合金实施了等效应变为0．5的等通道转角挤压（ECAP）,将强化固溶、形变、时效和晶界细化四者有机结合,制备出超高强铝合金,其硬度、屈服强度、伸长率分别高达约191HV,610MPa和13％．强度-结构关系的定量计算表明,ECAP变形过程中所引入的位错,其对强度提升的贡献高达整个强度提高值的62．2％．研究结果还表明,强化固溶→低温ECAP变形→低温人工时效是提升常规铝合金的强度、制取超高强铝合金的一条有效途径。     

Improvements in the microstructure and fatigue behavior of pure copper using equal channel angular extrusion

In this study, annealed pure copper was extruded using equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) for a maximum of eight passes. The fatigue resistance of extruded specimens was evaluated for different passes and applied stresses using fatigue tests, fractography, and metallography. The mechanical properties of the extruded material were obtained at a tensile test velocity of 0.5 mm/min. It was found that the maximum increase in strength occurred after the 2nd pass. The total increase in ultimate strength after eight passes was 94%. The results of fatigue tests indicated that a significant improvement in fatigue life occurred after the 2nd pass. In subsequent passes, the fatigue life continued to improve but at a considerably lower rate. The improved fatigue life was dependent on the number of passes and applied stresses. For low stresses (or high-cycle fatigue), a maximum increase in fatigue resistance of approximately 500% was observed for the extruded material after eight passes, whereas a maximum fatigue resistance of 5000% was obtained for high-applied stresses (or low-cycle fatigue). Optical microscopic examinations revealed grain refinements in the range of 32 to 4 μm. A maximum increase in impact energy absorption of 100% was achieved after eight passes. Consistent results were obtained from fractography and metallography examinations of the extruded material during fatigue tests.     

工业纯铝等径弯曲通道变形过程的数值模拟

等径弯曲通道变形(Equal ChannelAngularPressing简称ECAP)由于能直接制备块状超细晶材料而备受关注。通过对工业纯铝的ECAP变形过程进行有限元数值模拟,获得了变形过程的载荷变化规律和等效应变分布规律,并用坐标网格法对模拟结果进行了实验验证。在摩擦条件下,试样中区下表面的等效应变最大,至上表面处等效应变为最小。而在无摩擦理想情况下,其等效应变分布恰好相反,这可能是由于试样在ECAP变形过程中所受应力场和应变场的不同引起的。     

Microstructure and properties of in-situ synthesized Cu-1 wt%TiC alloy followed by ECAP and post-annealing

A dispersion-strengthened copper alloy with 1 wt% TiC for commercial electrical-contact wires was prepared by in-situ reaction casting, grain-ultrafining by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and subsequent annealing with aim to obtain excellent comprehensive performance. The results showed that fine TiC particles were in-situ synthesized in the as-cast Cu matrix and aggregated in clusters, and thus mechanical properties of the as-cast alloy deemed insufficient. Continued ECAP at 473 K significantly refined the grains of the as-cast alloy and improved the distribution of TiC particles. Due to multiple strengthening mechanisms, the ECAP-processed alloys maintained good conductivity with obviously enhanced tensile strength and hardness values. After post-ECAP annealing, the elongation and conductivity of the fine-grained copper alloy increased with the adequate tensile strength. The novel combined process endows the alloy appropriate performance to serve current high-frequency electrification railway systems.     

纯铜粉末包套-等径角挤压工艺实验研究

针对粉末材料低塑性的特点,在室温条件下采用包套-等径角挤压工艺(PITS-ECAP)将纯铜粉末颗粒直接固结成高致密度块体细晶材料.结果表明,包套-等径角挤压工艺对粉末材料具有有效的致密和细化效果.4道次PITS-ECAP工艺变形后,试样X、Y、Z面均受到剧烈剪切作用,晶粒尺寸得到明显细化,显微组织呈细长条带流线状,且分布较为均匀;试样整体组织达到完全致密,平均显微硬度高达1 470 MPa.在PITSECAP工艺变形过程中,剧烈塑性剪切变形、较高静水压力和有效应变积累是保证粉末材料致密度大幅度提高以及显微组织有效细化的主要原因.     

退火温度对20MnSi钢ECAP变形组织的影响

采用C方式等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)法制备了平均晶粒尺寸～0.20 μm的亚微晶20MnSi钢,研究了退火温度对ECAP变形组织的影响.结果表明,随退火温度升高,ECAP变形获得的亚微晶铁素体变形组织在原位逐渐演变为再结晶组织,300～500℃退火1 h后,亚微晶铁素体组织稳定,晶粒无明显长大.退火温度高于500℃后,铁素体晶粒开始明显长大,650℃退火后的铁素体平均晶粒尺寸～8μm.经ECAP变形的珠光体组织在较低温度退火时,渗碳体具有较强的球化能力.     

Improvement of pitting corrosion resistance for Al-Cu alloy in sodium chloride solution through equal-channel angular pressing

Significant corrosion resistance improvement was achieved in solid-solution treated (T4) Al-Cu alloy after severe grain refinement through equal-channel angular pressing. The bulk ultrafine-grained Al-Cu alloy with grain sizes of 200 ? 300 nm has higher pitting potential (elevated by about 34 mV, SCE) and lower corrosion current density (decreased by about 3.88 μA/cm²) in polarization tests than the as-T4 alloy, and increased polarization resistance (increased by about 5.7 k ?·cm²) in electrochemical impendence spectrum tests, along with alleviated corrosion damage in immersion tests. Two factors responds to the improved corrosion resistance of the alloy: the first is the refinement of residual θ -phase (Al2Cu) particles leading to the lower micro-galvanic currents and reduced susceptibilities to pitting corrosion, the second is the mass of strain-induced crystalline defects provid ing more nucleation sites for the formation of more volume fractions of stable oxide film.     

挤压速度对Ti6Al4V钛合金等通道转直角挤压过程 影响的数值模拟

采用Deform-3D有限元软件,对样品初始温度为900℃的Ti6Al4V钛合金等通道转直角挤压在0~5 mm/s的下压速度范围内进行了数值模拟。模拟计算结果表明：在相同的挤压速度下,试样通过转角后的温度降低速率减小;挤压速度越大,挤压过程所需的荷载越低,应变累积越小,等效应力越低,应力集中现象越少,挤压过程中试样的温降越小;本研究条件下,挤压速度值选定为5 mm/s。     

Effect of Sr on microstructure and aging behavior of Mg-14Li alloys

The as-cast and as-extruded Mg-14 wt％Li-xSr (x=0.14,0.19,0.39 wt％) alloys were,respectively,prepared through a simple alloying process and hot extrusion.The effects of Sr addition on microstructure and...     

Improvement of pitting corrosion resistance for Al-Cu alloy in sodium chloride solution through equal-channel angular pressing

Significant corrosion resistance improvement was achieved in solid-solution treated(T4) Al-Cu alloy after severe grain refinement through equal-channel angular pressing.The bulk ultrafine-grained Al-Cu alloy with grain sizes of 200-300 nm has higher pitting potential(elevated by about 34 mV,SCE) and lower corrosion current density(decreased by about 3.88μA/cm~2) in polarization tests than the as-T4 alloy,and increased polarization resistance(increased by about 5.7 kΩ·cm~2) in electrochemical impendence s...     

内高压和等径角挤压设备液压系统原理设计

内高压成形技术作为实现结构轻量化的先进塑性成形技术,在国外企业和科研单位中已经得到了广泛地应用;等径角挤压技术作为获得超细晶结构材料的重要手段,发展也很迅速。但是目前关于这2项技术专用设备的研究很少,且由于设备投资巨大,在我国的发展很缓慢;文章在分析内高压和等径角挤压成形工艺的基础上,设计了针对这2种成形方法的专用设备的液压系统原理。     

400℃退火对ECAP形变Q235钢的强度和位错强化的影响

将经过淬火预处理和等通道转角挤压加工(ECAP)的Q235钢进行400℃退火.采用拉伸试验、X射线衍射(XRD)分析及描述强度-位错密度关系的Taylor公式,研究400℃退火对ECAP形变低碳钢的强度和位错强化的影响.拉伸试验表明:400℃退火使ECAP形变Q235钢强度降低,屈服强度从825 MPa下降到725 MPa,加工硬化能力和塑性显著提高.基于XRD分析和Taylor公式的定量计算说明,400℃退火对ECAP形变Q235钢的位错强化影响很小,实际强度的降低不是来自于位错强化的降低,而是来自于其他强化机制(晶界、亚晶界等)的降低.     

不同变形方式对5083铝合金组织的影响

为了获得较细的晶粒,采用等通道角挤压(ECAP)变形的方法对5083铝合金按A和B两种方式进行变形;变形后两种样品用背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术进行测定,获得了极图、反极图、取向差分布、晶粒尺寸等实验结果.结果表明:5083铝合金按A方式晶粒细化效果强于B方式,而B方式织构面积及织构强度都大于A路径.